Cited by 2,253Grit, Self-Efficacy, and MotivationEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessBehavioral Health and Interventions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents.

Duckworth, Angela L., Seligman, Martin E.P.·2005·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In a longitudinal study of 140 eighth-grade students, self-discipline measured by self-report, parent report, teacher report, and monetary choice questionnaires in the fall predicted final grades, school attendance, standardized achievement-test scores, and selection into a competitive high school program the following spring. In a replication with 164 eighth graders, a behavioral delay-of-gratification task, a questionnaire on study habits, and a group-administered IQ test were added. Self-discipline measured in the fall accounted for more than twice as much variance as IQ in final grades, high school selection, school attendance, hours spent doing homework, hours spent watching television (inversely), and the time of day students began their homework. The effect of self-discipline on final grades held even when controlling for first-marking-period grades, achievement-test scores, and measured IQ. These findings suggest a major reason for students falling short of their intellectual potential: their failure to exercise self-discipline.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x

Cites

17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A power primer.
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Reviews: Lord, Frederic M., and Novick, Melvin R. (with contributions by Allan Birnbaum). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968. xii + 568 pp. $14.95.
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x · Cited by 6,557
Comparing correlated correlation coefficients
Meng, X.-L., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.172 · Cited by 2,472
Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78 · Cited by 2,171
Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification: Identifying diagnostic conditions.
Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1990) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.978 · Cited by 1,324
The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P. K. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.687 · Cited by 1,285
Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency.
White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Bartusch, D. J., Needles, D. J., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.2.192 · Cited by 874
The Nature of Adolescence
Coleman, J. C. (2011) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203805633 · Cited by 702
Personality as a Predictor of College Performance
Wolfe, R. N., & Johnson, S. D. (1995) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164495055002002 · Cited by 484

Show all 16 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · DOI · Paper page
Lord F.M., 1968, Statistical theories of mental test scores
McClure R.F., 1986, Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 23, 20
Nunnally J., 1978, Psychometric theory
Otis A.S., 1997, Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT) technical manual
10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.192 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,001

THE ROLE OF NONCOGNITIVE SKILLS IN EXPLAINING COGNITIVE TEST SCORES
BORGHANS, L., MEIJERS, H., & TER WEEL, B. (2008) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00073.x · Cited by 261
Advancing the Science and Practice of Social and Emotional Learning: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Osher, D., Kidron, Y., Brackett, M., Dymnicki, A., Jones, S., & Weissberg, R. P. (2016) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x16673595 · Cited by 304
Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity
van den Bos, W., Rodriguez, C. A., Schweitzer, J. B., & McClure, S. M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1423095112 · Cited by 253
Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement
Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650647 · Cited by 238
The Promotion of Self-Regulation Through Parenting Interventions
Sanders, M. R., & Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0129-z · Cited by 250
Unraveling the impact of the Big Five personality traits on academic performance: The moderating and mediating effects of self-efficacy and academic motivation
Feyter, T. D., Caers, R., Vigna, C., & Berings, D. (2012) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.03.013 · Cited by 287
Family Disadvantage and the Gender Gap in Behavioral and Educational Outcomes
Autor, D., Figlio, D., Karbownik, K., Roth, J., & Wasserman, M. (2019) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20170571 · Cited by 314
Maternal education, home environments and the development of children and adolescents
Carneiro, P., Meghir, C., & Parey, M. (2017) · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2007.0715 · Cited by 243
Academic Achievement
Steinmayr, R., Meißner, A., Weidinger, A. F., & Wirthwein, L. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0108 · Cited by 322
Effortless inhibition: habit mediates the relation between self-control and unhealthy snack consumption
Adriaanse, M. A., Kroese, F. M., Gillebaart, M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00444 · Cited by 237
Multiple aspects of self-regulation uniquely predict mathematics but not letter–word knowledge in the early elementary grades.
Blair, C., Family Life Project Investigators, Ursache, A., Greenberg, M., & Vernon-Feagans, L. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038813 · Cited by 234
High stakes testing in higher education and employment: Appraising the evidence for validity and fairness.
Sackett, P. R., Borneman, M. J., & Connelly, B. S. (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.4.215 · Cited by 233
Instructional Contexts for Engagement and Achievement in Reading
Guthrie, J. T., Wigfield, A., & You, W. (2012) · Handbook of Research on Student Engagement · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_29 · Cited by 479
Melding the Power of Serious Games and Embedded Assessment to Monitor and Foster Learning: Flow and Grow
Shute, V. J., Ventura, M., Bauer, M. I., & Diego (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203891650-31 · Cited by 227
A General Model of Preventive and Interventive Self‐Control
Hofmann, W., & Kotabe, H. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00461.x · Cited by 239
The Paradox of Success at a No-Excuses School
Golann, J. W. (2015) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/0038040714567866 · Cited by 247
Not doing bad things is not equivalent to doing the right thing: Distinguishing between inhibitory and initiatory self-control
de Ridder, D. T. D., de Boer, B. J., Lugtig, P. J., Bakker, A. B., & van Hooft, E. A. J. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.015 · Cited by 277
School climate, peer victimization, and academic achievement: Results from a multi-informant study.
Wang, W., Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H. L., McDougall, P., Krygsman, A., Smith, D., Cunningham, C. E., Haltigan, J. D., & Hymel, S. C. (2014) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000084 · Cited by 266
Executive functions
(2020) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00020-4 · Cited by 223
Self-Control Moderates the Association Between Perceived Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health Problems Among the Chinese Public
Li, J., Yang, A., Dou, K., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134820 · Cited by 229
Multimodal imaging of the self-regulating developing brain
Fjell, A. M., Walhovd, K. B., Brown, T. T., Kuperman, J. M., Chung, Y., Hagler, D. J., Venkatraman, V., Roddey, J. C., Erhart, M., McCabe, C., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208243109 · Cited by 212
Understanding the Relationship Between Grit and Foreign Language Performance Among Middle School Students: The Roles of Foreign Language Enjoyment and Classroom Environment
Wei, H., Gao, K., & Wang, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01508 · Cited by 245
Self-Regulation and School Success
Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139152198.015 · Cited by 228
Self-citation
Automating Scoring of Delay Discounting for the 21- and 27-Item Monetary Choice Questionnaires
Kaplan, B. A., Amlung, M. T., Reed, D. D., Jarmolowicz, D. P., McKerchar, T. L., & Lemley, S. M. (2016) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/s40614-016-0070-9 · Cited by 218
The Rocky Road to the Top
Collins, D. J., & MacNamara, Á. (2012) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03262302 · Cited by 217
Do preschool executive function skills explain the school readiness gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children?
Fitzpatrick, C., McKinnon, R. D., Blair, C., & Willoughby, M. T. (2013) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.11.003 · Cited by 252
How Does Household Income Affect Child Personality Traits and Behaviors?
Akee, R., Copeland, W., Costello, E. J., & Simeonova, E. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20160133 · Cited by 227
Development and Self‐Regulation
McClelland, M. M., Geldhof, G. J., Cameron, C. E., & Wanless, S. B. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy114 · Cited by 226
Non-cognitive predictors of academic achievement: Evidence from TIMSS and PISA
Lee, J., & Stankov, L. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.05.009 · Cited by 237
The Impact of High School Financial Education: Evidence from a Large-Scale Evaluation in Brazil
Bruhn, M., Leão, L. D. S., Legovini, A., Marchetti, R., & Zia, B. (2016) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20150149 · Cited by 181
The neurodevelopment of executive function skills: Implications for academic achievement gaps.
Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2020) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000208 · Cited by 266
Predicting early academic failure in high school from prior academic achievement, psychosocial characteristics, and behavior.
Casillas, A., Robbins, S. B., Allen, J., Kuo, Y.-L., Hanson, M. A., & Schmeiser, C. B. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027180 · Cited by 206
The development of adolescent self‐regulation: Reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend, and romantic relationships
Farley, J. P., & Kim‐Spoon, J. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.03.009 · Cited by 238
Control me or I will control you: Impulses, trait self-control, and the guidance of behavior
Friese, M., & Hofmann, W. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.004 · Cited by 226
Rethinking college students’ self-regulation and sustained attention: Does text messaging during class influence cognitive learning?
Wei, F.-Y. F., Wang, Y. K., & Klausner, M. (2012) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634523.2012.672755 · Cited by 202
The Relationships Between Personality Traits and Students’ Academic Achievement
Hakimi, S., Hejazi, E., & Lavasani, M. G. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.312 · Cited by 222
School Connectedness and Problematic Internet Use in Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Deviant Peer Affiliation and Self-Control
Li, D., Li, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, L., Bao, Z., & Wen, F. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9761-9 · Cited by 201
A dual‐systems perspective on addiction: contributions from neuroimaging and cognitive training
McClure, S. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12561 · Cited by 209
Behavioral economics of education
Koch, A. K., Julia Nafziger, B., & Nielsen, H. S. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.09.005 · Cited by 217
Childhood Self-Control and Unemployment Throughout the Life Span
Daly, M., Delaney, L. D., Egan, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615569001 · Cited by 210
The development of grit and growth mindset during adolescence
Park, D., Tsukayama, E., Yu, A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104889 · Cited by 228
Self-citation
Implicit theories about willpower predict self-regulation and grades in everyday life.
Job, V., Walton, G. M., Bernecker, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000014 · Cited by 218
Working memory ability predicts trajectories of early alcohol use in adolescents: the mediational role of impulsivity
Khurana, A., Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., & Hurt, H. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12001 · Cited by 191
Nurturing Creativity in Education
Collard, P., & Looney, J. (2014) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12090 · Cited by 201
Stereotype threat in organizations: implications for equity and performance
Walton, G. M., Murphy, M. C., & Ryan, A. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322 · Cited by 184
Six Questions for the Resource Model of Control (and Some Answers)
Inzlicht, M., & Berkman, E. T. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12200 · Cited by 201
Establishing Causality Using Longitudinal Hierarchical Linear Modeling: An Illustration Predicting Achievement From Self-Control
Duckworth, A. L., Tsukayama, E., & May, H. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550609359707 · Cited by 234
Self-citation
In Search of a Human Self-Regulation System
Kelley, W. M., Wagner, D. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2015) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014243 · Cited by 196
Parenting and Self-Control Across Early to Late Adolescence: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis
Li, J., Willems, Y. E., Stok, F. M., Deković, M., Bartels, M., & Finkenauer, C. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619863046 · Cited by 199
A stitch in time: Strategic self-control in high school and college students.
Duckworth, A. L., White, R. E., Matteucci, A. J., Shearer, A., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000062 · Cited by 192
Self-citation
Positive Psychology and Positive Education: Old Wine in New Bottles?
Kristjansson, K. R. (2012) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.610678 · Cited by 209
Effects of socioeconomic status on brain development, and how cognitive neuroscience may contribute to leveling the playing field
Raizada, R. D. S. (2010) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.003.2010 · Cited by 197
Conscientiousness Is the Most Powerful Noncognitive Predictor of School Achievement in Adolescents
Dumfart, B., & Neubauer, A. C. (2016) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000182 · Cited by 175
How does grit impact college students’ academic achievement in science?
Bazelais, P., Lemay, D. J., & Doleck, T. (2016) · European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.30935/scimath/9451 · Cited by 175
The impact of early cognitive and non-cognitive skills on later outcomes
Carneiro, P., Crawford, C., & Goodman, A. T. (2012) · doi:10.1920/re.ifs.2024.0579 · Cited by 179
Commentary on the review of measures of early childhood social and emotional development: Conceptualization, critique, and recommendations
Campbell, S. B. G., Denham, S. A., Howarth, G. Z., Jones, S. M., Whittaker, J. V., Williford, A. P., Willoughby, M. T., Yudron, M., & Darling, K. E. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.008 · Cited by 231
How do negative emotions impair self-control? A neural model of negative urgency
Chester, D. S., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., Powell, D. K., Andersen, A. H., & DeWall, C. N. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.024 · Cited by 170
Unintended Consequences: Effects of Paternal Incarceration on Child School Readiness and Later Special Education Placement
Haskins, A. R. (2014) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v1.a11 · Cited by 177
Increasing perseverance in math: Evidence from a field experiment in Norway
Bettinger, E., Ludvigsen, S., Rege, M., Solli, I. F., & Yeager, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.11.032 · Cited by 202
Relationship between Resilience and Self-regulation: A Study of Spanish Youth at Risk of Social Exclusion
Garde, R. A., Torres, M. C. G., de la Fuente, J., Vera, M. M., Fernández-Cabezas, M., & López-García, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00612 · Cited by 211
Parental Education and Offspring Outcomes: Evidence from the Swedish Compulsory School Reform
Lundborg, P., Nilsson, A., & Rooth, D. (2013) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.6.1.253 · Cited by 174
Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: Development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions.
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034910 · Cited by 170
Self‐Control Inhibits Aggression
DeWall, C. N., Finkel, E. J., & Denson, T. F. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00363.x · Cited by 193
Self‐Regulation
McClelland, M. M., Ponitz, C. C., Messersmith, E. E., & Tominey, S. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001015 · Cited by 172
Good character at school: positive classroom behavior mediates the link between character strengths and school achievement
eWagner, L., & Ruch, W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00610 · Cited by 202
Identification problems in personality psychology
Borghans, L., Golsteyn, B., Heckman, J. J., & Humphries, J. E. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.029 · Cited by 164
Training Engagement Theory: A Multilevel Perspective on the Effectiveness of Work-Related Training
Sitzmann, T., & Weinhardt, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315574596 · Cited by 209
Attitudes Toward Immigration: The Role of Personal Predispositions
Dinesen, P. T., Klemmensen, R., & Nørgaard, A. S. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12220 · Cited by 168
The heritability of self-control: A meta-analysis
Willems, Y. E., Boesen, N., Li, J., Finkenauer, C., & Bartels, M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.012 · Cited by 190
Behavioral self-regulation and relations to emergent academic skills among children in Germany and Iceland
von Suchodoletz, A., Gestsdóttir, S., Wanless, S. B., McClelland, M. M., Birgisdóttir, F., Gunzenhauser, C., & Ragnarsdóttir, H. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.05.003 · Cited by 190
The Sum of Friends' and Lovers' Self-Control Scores Predicts Relationship Quality
Vohs, K. D., Finkenauer, C., & Baumeister, R. F. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610385710 · Cited by 161
Is There a Downside to Good Self-control?
Baumeister, R. F., & Alquist, J. L. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802501474 · Cited by 159
Context specificity of inhibitory control in dogs
Bray, E. E., MacLean, E. L., & Hare, B. A. (2013) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0633-z · Cited by 179
Parental Behavioral and Psychological Control and Problematic Internet Use Among Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Self-Control
Li, X., Li, D., & Newman, J. (2013) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0293 · Cited by 170
How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations
Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910 · Cited by 159
The Hidden-Zero Effect: Representing a Single Choice as an Extended Sequence Reduces Impulsive Choice
Magen, E., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02137.x · Cited by 157
Effect of Visual Media Use on School Performance: A Prospective Study
Sharif, I., Wills, T., & Sargent, J. (2009) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.012 · Cited by 158
Executive functions in early learning: Extending the relationship between executive functions and school readiness to science
Nayfeld, I., Kook, J. F., & Greenfield, D. B. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.04.011 · Cited by 170
Gender differences in school success: what are the roles of students’ intelligence, personality and motivation?
Spinath, B., Eckert, C., & Steinmayr, R. (2014) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131881.2014.898917 · Cited by 176
Gender differences in school achievement: The role of self-regulation
Weis, M., Heikamp, T., & Trommsdorff, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00442 · Cited by 177
More than just test scores
Levin, H. M. (2012) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-012-9240-z · Cited by 173
THE DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF LIFE: THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND POLICIES
Attanasio, O. P. (2015) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/jeea.12159 · Cited by 155
Behavior problems and children's academic achievement: A test of growth-curve models with gender and racial differences
Kremer, K. P., Flower, A., Huang, J. X., & Vaughn, M. G. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.06.003 · Cited by 188
Self-Regulation
McClelland, M. M., Geldhof, J. G., Morrison, F., Gestsdóttir, S., Cameron, C. E., Bowers, E., Duckworth, A. L., Little, T. D., & Grammer, J. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_12 · Cited by 168
Self-citation
From Fantasy to Action: Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions (MCII) Improves Academic Performance in Children
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T. A., Gollwitzer, A., & Oettingen, G. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613476307 · Cited by 171
Self-citation
A tripartite taxonomy of character: Evidence for intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intellectual competencies in children
Park, D., Tsukayama, E., Goodwin, G. P., Patrick, S. D., & Duckworth, A. L. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.08.001 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
A longitudinal multilevel model analysis of the within-person and between-person effect of effortful engagement and academic self-efficacy on academic performance
Galla, B. M., Wood, J. J., Tsukayama, E., Har, K. H., Chiu, A. W., & Langer, D. A. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.04.001 · Cited by 172
Exploring individual differences as determining factors in student academic achievement in higher education
Cassidy, S. (2011) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2010.545948 · Cited by 166
Expanding minds: Growth mindsets of self-regulation and the influences on effort and perseverance
Mrazek, A. J., Ihm, E. D., Molden, D. C., Mrazek, M. D., Zedelius, C. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.003 · Cited by 163
The ‘Operational’ Definition of Self-Control
Gillebaart, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01231 · Cited by 202
Sleep duration, positive attitude toward life, and academic achievement: The role of daytime tiredness, behavioral persistence, and school start times
Perkinson‐Gloor, N., Lemola, S., & Grob, A. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.008 · Cited by 141
Does gender matter in cyberbullying perpetration? An empirical investigation
Wong, R. Y. M., Cheung, C. M. K., & Xiao, B. S. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.022 · Cited by 159
The development of effortful control from late childhood to young adulthood.
Atherton, O. E., Lawson, K. M., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000283 · Cited by 157
School Accountability, Autonomy, Choice, and the Level of Student Achievement
Woessmann, L., Lüdemann, E., Schütz, G., & West, M. R. (2007) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/246402531617 · Cited by 145
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychological Distress of Medical Students in Japan: Cross-sectional Survey Study
Nishimura, Y., Ochi, K., Tokumasu, K., Obika, M., Hagiya, H., Kataoka, H., & Otsuka, F. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25232 · Cited by 133
An Integrated Model of Regulation for Applied Settings
Bailey, R. J., & Jones, S. M. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00288-y · Cited by 173
The Impact of High School Financial Education: Experimental Evidence from Brazil
Leão, L. D. S., Legovini, A., Marchetti, R., Zia, B., & Bruhn, M. (2013) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6723 · Cited by 143
The impact of Emotional Intelligence on academic achievement: A longitudinal study in Portuguese secondary school
Costa, A., & Faria, L. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.011 · Cited by 168
Affect in mathematical problem posing: conceptualization, advances, and future directions for research
Cai, J., & Лейкин, Р. (2020) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-020-10008-x · Cited by 154
The Need to Address Non-Cognitive Skills in the Education Policy Agenda1
García, E. (2016) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-591-3_3 · Cited by 149

Authors: Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Duckworth, Angela L.
ORCID: Duckworth, Angela L.
Seligman, Martin E.P.
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-12
Volume: 16
Issue: 12
Pages: 939-944
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x
OpenAlex: W2152831629
Cited by: 2,253
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 80 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 183 · 2019: 182 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 172 · 2015: 147 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 106
FWCI: 31.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh063430-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 63430, MH-52270, R01MH052270)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: self-control, academic performance, adolescents, eighth grade students, IQ, delay of gratification, study habits, homework, school attendance, high school selection, achievement test scores, self-report, parent and teacher ratings, television viewing
MeSH terms: Achievement, Adolescent, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Efficacy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks