Rational thinking and cognitive sophistication: Development, cognitive abilities, and thinking dispositions.
Abstract
We studied developmental trends in 5 important reasoning tasks that are critical components of the operational definition of rational thinking. The tasks measured denominator neglect, belief bias, base rate sensitivity, resistance to framing, and the tendency toward otherside thinking. In addition to age, we examined 2 other individual difference domains that index cognitive sophistication: cognitive ability (intelligence and executive functioning) and thinking dispositions (actively open-minded thinking, superstitious thinking, and need for cognition). All 5 reasoning domains were consistently related to cognitive sophistication regardless of how it was indexed (age, cognitive ability, thinking dispositions). The implications of these findings for taxonomies of developmental trends in rational thinking tasks are discussed.
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- Authors
- Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- James Madison University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1037-1048
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2116272087
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- John Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- rational thinking, cognitive sophistication, cognitive development, reasoning, belief bias, framing effects, intelligence, executive function, open-mindedness, superstition, need for cognition, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aptitude, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Male, Parents, Personality, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Superstitions, Thinking, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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