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Illusory Control: A Generative Force Behind Power's Far-Reaching Effects
Abstract
Three experiments demonstrated that the experience of power leads to an illusion of personal control. Regardless of whether power was experientially primed ( Experiments 1 and 3 ) or manipulated through roles (manager vs. subordinate; Experiment 2 ), it led to perceived control over outcomes that were beyond the reach of the power holder. Furthermore, this illusory control mediated the influence of power on several self-enhancement and approach-related outcomes reported in the power literature, including optimism ( Experiment 2 ), self-esteem ( Experiment 3 ), and action orientation ( Experiment 3 ). These results demonstrate the theoretical importance of perceived control as a generative cause of and driving force behind many of power's far-reaching effects. A fourth experiment ruled out an alternative explanation: that positive mood, rather than illusory control, is at the root of power's effects. The discussion considers implications for existing and future research on the psychology of power, perceived control, and positive illusions.
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Lack of perceived control is associated with negative psychological states, including depressive and pessimistic behavior and avoidance of challenging situations.
“There is considerable empirical evidence demonstrating that lack of perceived controlan individual's belief that he or she cannot predict and affect future events-has applied consequences and is associated with a number of negative psychological states.For example, it contributes to the tendency to demonstrate depressive and pessimistic behavior and avoid facing challenging situations (Fast, Gruen”
From Searching for Control: Priming Randomness Increases the Evaluation of Ritual Efficacy (2014) · cites this paper as Fast, Gruenfeld, Sivanathan, & Galinsky, 2009
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Norton, M. I., & Gino, F. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0031772 · Cited by 221
Wojciszke, B., & Struzynska–Kujalowicz, A. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.4.472 · Cited by 136
Hierarchy stability moderates the effect of status on stress and performance in humans
Knight, E. L., & Mehta, P. H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609811114 · Cited by 96
Searching for Control: Priming Randomness Increases the Evaluation of Ritual Efficacy
Legare, C. H., & Souza, A. L. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12077 · Cited by 78
Metadata
- Authors
- Fast, N. J., Gruenfeld, D. H., Sivanathan, N., & Galinsky, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University
- London Business School
- Northwestern University
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 502-508
- ISSN
- 0956-7976
- 1467-9280
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 12
- Language
- en
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