AD/HD and the capture of attention by briefly exposed delay‐related cues: evidence from a conditioning paradigm
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The selective attention of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) to briefly exposed delay-related cues was examined in two experiments using a dot-probe conditioning paradigm. METHOD: Colour cues were paired with negatively (i.e., imposition of delay) and positively valenced cues (i.e., escape from or avoidance of delay) during a conditioning phase. These cues were presented alongside neutral cues in a subsequent dot-probe detection phase. RESULTS: In experiment 1 teacher-identified children with AD/HD (N = 12), but not controls (N = 12), displayed an attentional bias towards both positively and negatively valenced cues. In experiment 2 children with a diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder (N = 15), but not controls (N = 15), displayed a bias towards delay-related cues. However, this effect was largely carried by the response to positively valenced cues. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the dot-probe conditioning paradigm as a useful test of motivational influence on attention. They provide the first evidence of qualitative differences in the attentional style of children with AD/HD and give further support to those theories that highlight the motivational significance of delay in AD/HD.
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When a choice exists between different levels of delay and escape from delay is possible, children with ADHD choose smaller sooner over larger later rewards or invest less time and effort in a task even though this leads to poorer performance.
“So for instance, where there is a choice between different levels of delay associated with different activities and outcomes, and escape from delay is possible, children with ADHD choose SS over LL rewards or invest less time and effort in a task even though it would lead to poorer performance and associated outcomes (Sonuga-Barke et al., 2004).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Sonuga-Barke et al., 2004
ADHD children are unusually vigilant to environmental delay-related cues.
“are unusually vigilant to environmental delay-related cues (Sonuga-Barke et al., 2004)”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Sonuga-Barke et al., 2004
Children with ADHD show an attentional bias for delay-signaling stimuli similar to anxious children's bias toward threat-signaling stimuli.
“ADHD children demonstrate an attentional bias for delay-signaling stimuli in much the same way that anxious children are biased toward threat-signaling stimuli (Sonuga-Barke, De Houwer, De Ruiter, Ajzenstzen, & Holland, 2004).”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Sonuga-Barke et al., 2004
For ADHD patients, delay is aversive in itself and elicits a negative affective state that they work to escape or avoid.
“It is based on the idea that, for ADHD patients delay is an aversive experience in and of itself, eliciting a negative affective state, which ADHD children work to escape or avoid (Sonuga-Barke, 1994;Sonuga-Barke et al., 2004).”
From Brain activation to cues predicting inescapable delay in adolescent Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An fMRI pilot study (2012) · cites this paper as Sonuga-Barke et al., 2004
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., Houwer, J. D., Ruiter, K. D., Ajzenstzen, M., & Holland, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-01-22
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 274-283
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2148799556
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperkinetic disorder, attentional bias, attentional style, delay aversion, escape motivation, children
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Conditioning, Psychological, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Reaction Time, Time Management
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