Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Abstract
We compared 34 preschool boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to 30 community comparison boys without behavioral problems on a battery of neuropsychological and academic achievement tests along with behavioral observations. The battery of 25 measures was reduced to 4 dimensions through dimensional (factor) analysis. Comparison of the 2 groups revealed that boys with ADHD performed more poorly than comparison boys on 2 of the 4 dimensions, these being motor control and working memory‐persistence. No differences were found on the dimensions of verbal learning‐memory or picture identification‐factual knowledge. The results suggest that achievement problems are evident early in development in clinic‐referred children with ADHD and may be related to deficiencies in more fundamental neuropsychological functions. These early deficits in motor control and working memory seem to be an inherent part of ADHD, supporting both the neuromaturational nature of the disorder and current efforts to more broadly conceptualize it as involving deficits in executive functions beyond the core problems in behavioral inhibition and sustained attention.
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The children with ADHD had lower IQ.
“This is not surprising as the children with ADHD had lower IQ, which is known to be typical for this population [56, 57].”
From Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
Children with ADHD have lower IQ, which is known to be typical for this population.
“This is not surprising as the children with ADHD had lower IQ, which is known to be typical for this population [56, 57].”
From Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
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“Mariani and Barkley (1997) demonstrated that preschool ADHD is associated with working memory problems.”
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“…connections between VMS and EF have mainly focused on clinical samples (i.e., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, preterm infants) and show a relationship between both VMS and EF within these populations (Baron et al., 2009; Böhm, Lundequist, & Smedler, 2010; Mariani & Barkley, 1997).”
BackgroundSonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Dalen, L., & Remington, B. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults.
Weiss, M. D., & Murray, C. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Executive functioning deficits in relation to symptoms of ADHD and/or ODD in preschool children
Thorell, L. B., & Wåhlstedt, C. (2006) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.475 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2701_5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“…regulation, and to a lesser extent, tasks involving verbal and nonverbal fluency (see Barkley, 1997b for a review; Barkley, Edwards, Laneri, Fletcher, & Metevia, 2001; Grodzinsky & Diamond, 1992; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Seidman et al., 1996; Weyandt, Rice, Linterman, Mitzlaff, &Emert, 1998).”
Self-citationCunningham, C. E., & Boyle, M. H. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1020855429085 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“…oppositional disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) often emerge in the preschool years (Byrne, Dewolfe, & Bawden, 1998; Lahey et al., 1998; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; McGee, Partridge, Williams, & Silva, 1991; Miller, Koplewicz, & Klein, 1997) and may persist into middle childhood…”
BackgroundMurphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.15.2.211 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationVisuo-Spatial Working Memory Span: A Sensitive Measure of Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD
Westerberg, H., Hirvikoski, T., Forssberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040409609806 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“The tests with the highest ES, Barnett et al. (2001) (ES¼ 1.06) and Mariani and Barkley (1997) (ES¼ 0.89) share some features.”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive Control Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Douglas, V. I. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_5 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Executive function deficits in preschool children with ADHD and DBD
Schoemaker, K., Bunte, T. L., Wiebe, S. A., Espy, K. A., Deković, M., & Matthys, W. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02468.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“In line with findings with older children, Mariani and Barkley (1997) found impairments on tasks designed to measure inhibition in clinically diagnosed preschoolers with ADHD.”
ResultClark, C., Prior, M., & Kinsella, G. J. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1005176320912 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Time perception and reproduction in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Bush, T. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.3.351 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationToplak, M. E., Rucklidge, J. J., Hetherington, R., John, S. C. F., & Tannock, R. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00173 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Another possible explanation is that the psychophysical tasks used in the present study place demands on working memory and so the findings may reflect deficits in working memory that have been reported in ADHD (e.g., Barkley, 1997a; Mariani & Barkley, 1997).”
Analyzing Digit Span Components for Assessment of Attention Processes
Hale, J. B., Hoeppner, J., & Fiorello, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428290202000202 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Green, C. T., Long, D. L., Green, D., Iosif, A.-M., Dixon, J. F., Miller, M. R., Fassbender, C., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0124-y · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Neuropsychological testing reveals moderate-to-marked impairment in WM in children with ADHD, both in initiating WM and in the limits of storage, particularly in the visuospatial domain [16–24].”
BackgroundGhelani, K., Sidhu, R., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2004) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.285 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Working memory in childhood-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Karatekin, C., & Asarnow, R. F. (1998) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00061-4 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Mariani and Barkley, 1997 , although normal perŽformance has also been reported Benezra and .”
BackgroundInternational Consensus Statement on ADHD: January 2002
Barkley, R. A. (2002) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1017494719205 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavior Ratings of Executive Function among Preschoolers with ADHD
Mahone, E. M., & Hoffman, J. (2007) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040600762724 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Faraone, S. V. (2005) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0429-z · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuropsychological Perspective Towards DSM-V
Stefanatos, G., & Baron, I. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9020-3 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Deficits in verbal working memory were observed on measures such as digit span, (Biederman, Faraone, Milberger et al., 1996; Karatekin, 2000), with worse backward than forward span (Mariani & Barkley, 1997; McInnes, Humphries, Hogg-Johnson, & Tannock, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrocki, K., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L., & Bohlin, G. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01811.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Construct Validity of Parent Ratings of Inhibitory Control
Bodnar, L. E., Prahme, M. C., Cutting, L. E., DENCKLA, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600899867 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“…relative to controls, on tasks of inhibitory control (Mahone, Koth, Cutting, Singer, & Denckla, 2001; Mahone, Pillion, Hoffman, Hiemenz, & Denckla, 2005; Mostofsky, Newschaffer, & Denckla, 2003), and working memory (Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Martinussen, Hayden, Hogg-Johnson, & Tannock, 2005).”
Stevens, J. H., Quittner, A. L., Zuckerman, J. B., & Moore, S. B. (2002) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2102_1 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Similarly, Oosterlaan and Sergeant (1998) recently found that reinforcement for children with and without ADHD did not result in equivalent performance on the stop-signal task.”
BackgroundResultSchweitzer, J. B., Lee, D. O., Hanford, R. B., Zink, C. F., Ely, T. D., Tagamets, M. A., Hoffman, J. M., Grafton, S. T., & Kilts, C. D. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.07.011 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“…of MPH-mediated dopamine release in the PFC. ey Words: PET, ADHD, methylphenidate, executive function, orking memory, PASAT hile therapeutic doses of methylphenidate (MPH) in humans appear related to increased extracellular dopamine in the striatum due to inhibition of the re- ptake by dopamine…”
BackgroundPitcher, T. M., Piek, J. P., & Barrett, N. C. (2002) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/s0167-9457(02)00167-7 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Neuropsychological basic deficits in preschoolers at risk for ADHD: A meta-analysis
Pauli-Pott, U., & Becker, K. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.005 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: characteristics, interventions and models
Paule, M. G., Rowland, A. S., Ferguson, S. A., Chelonis, J. J., Tannock, R., Swanson, J. M., & Castellanos, F. X. (2000) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(00)00095-7 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Overview of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young children
Singh, A., Yeh, C. J., Verma, N., & Das, A. K. (2015) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.4081/hpr.2015.2115 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Assessment of Attention in Preschoolers
Mahone, E. M., & Schneider, H. E. (2012) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9217-y · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Barkley and colleagues also found significant group differences between preschool boys with and without ADHD on the Hand Movement subtest (Mariani and Barkley 1997).”
BackgroundMethodVarieties of preschool hyperactivity: multiple pathways from risk to disorder
Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., Auerbach, J., Campbell, S. B., Daley, D., & Thompson, M. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00401.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., Oosterlaan, J., Buschgens, C. J. M., Buitelaar, J. K., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708002869 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Executive functioning (EF) is probably the most extensively studied domain in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (APA, 1994; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996 ; Clark et al. 2000 ; Sergeant et al. 2002 ; Seidman et al. 2004 ; Boonstra et al. 2005; Willcutt et al. 2005 ; Doyle, 2006).”
BackgroundTheories of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Barkley, R. A. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_13 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationKaratekin, C. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00285.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Chase, G. A., Mink, D. M., & Stagg, R. E. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708320402 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“…observations, performance tests, and ADHD diagnosis (Barkley et al., 1990; Barkley et al., 1992; Barkley & Grodzinsky, 1994; Fischer, Newby, & Gordon, 1995; Gordon & Mettelman, 1987; Loge, Staton, & Beatty, 1990; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Mayes & Calhoun, 2002; Mayes, Calhoun, & Crowell, 2001).”
Shelton, T. L., Barkley, R. A., Crosswait, C., Moorehouse, M., Fletcher, K. E., Barrett, S., Jenkins, L., & Metevia, L. (1998) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1022603902905 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…various forms of psychiatric, psychological, and educational morbidity found in association with the AHII behavior pattern in this preschool age group, an age group of children about which far less is currently known than is the case with school-age ADHD or AHII children (Mariani & Barkley, 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKibby, M. Y., & Cohen, M. J. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040701821752 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…dysfunction, children with ADHD often have deficits in WM, particularly in the central executive, with sparing of the phonological loop and visual-spatial sketchpad (Barkley, 1997; Denckla, 1996; Douglas & Benezra, 1990; Korkman & Pesonen, 1994; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Shue & Douglas, 1992).”
BackgroundADHD symptoms in children with mild intellectual disability.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Wood, N., Gringras, P., & Chadwick, O. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180323330 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“It has long been recognized that children with ADHD have as a group IQs that are roughly 7 to 12 points below the population mean (Crosbie and Schachar, 2001; Mariani and Barkley, 1997).”
BackgroundHeaton, S. C., Reader, S. K., Preston, A. S., Fennell, E. B., Puyana, O. E., Gill, N., & Johnson, J. H. (2001) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.7.4.251.8736 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“There have also been studies that have not found significant differences in the performance of children with ADHD compared to controls (Grodzinsky & Diamond, 1992; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; McGee, Williams, Moffitt, & Anderson, 1989).”
ResultAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review of the essential facts
Daley, D. (2006) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00572.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Drechsler, R., Brandeis, D., Földényi, M., Imhof, K., & Steinhausen, H. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00384.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
An Embodied Account of Early Executive-Function Development
Gottwald, J. M., Achermann, S., Marciszko, C., Lindskog, M., & Gredebäck, G. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616667447 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“…and motor deficits share a large degree of comorbidity in a range of clinical diagnoses, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Mariani & Barkley, 1997), autism spectrum disorder (Ekberg, Falck-Ytter, Bölte, Gredebäck, & EASE Team, 2016), and depression (Marvel & Paradiso,…”
BackgroundBrocki, K. C., Eninger, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9354-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“In contrast, relations between WM deficits and ADHD symptoms in preschoolers have been inconsistent, with some studies reporting significant correlations (Mariani and Barkley 1997; Sonuga-Barke et al. 2003; Thorell and Wahlstedt 2006), whereas others have reported a lack of it (Brocki et al.”
ResultPerugini, E. M., Harvey, E. A., Lovejoy, D. W., Sandstrom, K. A., & Webb, A. H. (2000) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.6.2.101.7059 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“This finding stands in contrast with that previously reported for both children (Mariani & Barkley, 1997) and adults (Jenkins et al., 1996), where impairment on the Digits Backwards task was more pronounced for those with ADHD.”
ResultInfluentialMill, J. S., Caspi, A., Williams, B. S., Craig, I., Taylor, A., Polo-Tomás, M., Berridge, C. W., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.462 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Open Trial of a Metacognitive Executive Function Training for Young Children With ADHD
Tamm, L., Nakonezny, P. A., & Hughes, C. W. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712445782 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718816164 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationWalshaw, P. D., Alloy, L. B., & Sabb, F. W. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9126-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“C=16 Mariani and Barkley (1997) ADHD=34 .46b - - - - - - - - - -”
Zhang, G., Yao, L., Zhang, H., Long, Z., & Zhao, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073735 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Shephard, E., Zuccolo, P. F., Idrees, I., Godoy, P. B. G., Salomone, E., Ferrante, C., Sorgato, P., Catão, L. F. C. C., Goodwin, A., Bolton, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.016 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B. E., Chronis, A. M., Jones, H. A., Williams, S. H., Loney, J., & Waldman, I. D. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802359635 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“During the baseline assessment, children also were observed in the ‘‘forbidden toy task,’’ which is part of the Structured Observation of Academic and Play Settings (Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Roberts, 1990), which has been found to reliably distinguish hyperactive from comparison children (Roberts, 1990).”
InfluentialInhibitory Deficits, Delay Aversion and Preschool AD/HD:Implications for the Dual Pathway Model
Dalen, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Hall, M., & Remington, B. (2004) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np.2004.1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Keyes, K. M., Platt, J., Kaufman, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3723 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Lower IQ has been documented amongyouthswith thesedisorders inclinical samples.(16-28,64,65) Our population estimates indicate thatmean IQwas approximately one-third of a standard deviation (approximately 5 points) lower than average among youths with bipolar disorder, behavior disorders, and substance abuse.”
Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures
Emser, T. S., Johnston, B. A., Steele, J. D., Kooij, S., Thorell, L., & Christiansen, H. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-018-0143-x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“This is not surprising as the children with ADHD had lower IQ, which is known to be typical for this population [56, 57].”
BackgroundMarzocchi, G. M., Lucangeli, D., De Meo, T., Fini, F., & Cornoldi, C. (2002) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2101_4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Findings are also in agreement with neuropsychological observations (Kempton et al., 1999; Klorman et al., 1999; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Shallice et al., this issue) which show that all these cognitive components involve partially overlapping neurological structures and that the same structures…”
BackgroundResultBauermeister, J. J., Barkley, R. A., Martinez, J. V., Cumba, E., Ramirez, R. R., Reina, G., Matos, M., & Salas, C. C. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_14 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…deficits consistently seen in children with ADHD and (b) that these executive-function deficits often remain even after the questionable practice of controlling for level of IQ (Klorman et al., 1999; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Murphy et al., 2001; Nigg, 1999; Nigg, Hinshaw, Carte, & Treuting, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHofvander, B., Ossowski, D., Lundström, S., & Anckarsäter, H. (2009) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Moffitt, T. E. (1990). Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: boys' developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Dev, 61(3), 893-910. Moffitt, T. E., & Henry B. (1991). Neuropsychological studies of juvenile delinquency and juvenile violence. In J.S. Milner (Ed.), Neuropsychology of aggression…”
BackgroundInfluentialKalff, A. C., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Hurks, P. P. M., Hendriksen, J. G. M., Kroes, M., FERON, F. J. M., Steyaert, J. G., Zeben, T. M. C. B. V., Vles, J. S. H., & Jolles, J. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00189 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Most studies on ADHD have involved only schoolaged children and there is little information on the characteristics of ADHD in younger children (Mariani & Barkley, 1997).”
BackgroundSigi Hale, T., Bookheimer, S., McGough, J. J., Phillips, J. M., & McCracken, J. T. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706294101 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“This notion is supported by behavioral results showing that consistent deficits in ADHD are, in fact, limited to the backward condition (Barkley, Murphy, & Kwasnik, 1996; Biederman et al., 1996; Faraone et al., 1993; Loge, Staton, & Beatty, 1990; Mariani & Barkley, 1997; Milich & Loney, 1979).”
ResultBradley, J. D., & Golden, C. J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00073-8 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Training executive function in preschoolers reduce externalizing behaviors
Volckaert, A., & Noël, M. (2015) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2015.02.001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In both populations, it is mainly inhibition that correlates with EB: there is generally a higher error rate in inhibition tasks in children with more EB [10–20].”
BackgroundCulbertson, W. C., & Zillmer, E. A. (1998) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319119800500302 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-regulation and social and behavioral functioning following childhood traumatic brain injury
Ganesalingam, K., Sanson, A. V., Anderson, V. A., & Yeates, K. O. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617706060796 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mariani, M. A., & Barkley, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- ORCID
- Barkley, Russell A.
- Venue
- Developmental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-129
- ISSN
- 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-5641
- OpenAlex
- W2149568429
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Boston College
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, preschool children, neuropsychological performance, academic performance, motor control, working memory, executive function, neuromaturation, behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, verbal learning and memory
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