Cited by 193Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumPsychology and Mental Health

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Early childhood aetiology of mental health problems: a longitudinal population-based study

Bayer, Jordana K., Hiscock, Harriet, Ukoumunne, Obioha C., Price, Anna, Wake, Melissa·2008·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01943.x

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Abstract

Background: Mental health problems comprise an international public health issue affecting up to 20% of children and show considerable stability. We aimed to identify child, parenting, and family predictors from infancy in the development of externalising and internalising behaviour problems by age 3 years. Methods: Design Longitudinal, population‐based survey completed by primary caregivers when children were 7, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months old. Participants 733 children sequentially recruited at 6–7 months from routine well‐child appointments (August–September 2004) across six socio‐economically and culturally diverse government areas in Victoria, Australia; 589 (80%) retained at 3 years. Measures 7 months: sociodemographic characteristics, maternal mental health (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)), substance misuse, home violence, social isolation, infant temperament; 12 months: partner relationship, parenting (Parent Behavior Checklist (PBC)); 18, 24 and 36 months: child behaviour (Child Behavior Checklist 1½–5 (CBCL)), PBC, DASS. Results: Sixty‐nine percent of all families attending well‐child clinics took part. The consistent and cumulative predictors of externalising behaviours were parent stress and harsh discipline. Predictors of internalising behaviours included small family size, parent distress, and parenting. Twenty‐five percent of variation in early externalising behaviour and 17% of variation in early internalising behaviour was explained. Conclusions: Effective and cost‐efficient population approaches to preventing mental health problems early in childhood are urgently needed. Programmes must support parents in reducing personal stress as well as negative parenting practices.

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“Furthermore, although general demographic child, parent and family characteristics, such as child male sex [3, 9, 48, 50, 51] and low birth weight [4, 51], relatively young and old parental age [17, 51], low parental educational level [4, 9, 17], single parenthood [3, 4, 9], number of siblings [4, 51] and day-care arr…”
BackgroundResult
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“…of positive parenting practices have been associated with lower social or behavioral dif ﬁ culties (Gryczkowski et al., 2010; Hosokawa & Katsura, 2019; Stormshak et al., 2000), while negative parenting practices have been shown to consistently predict externalizing problems (Bayer et al., 2008).”
Background
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“Potential confounders of the relationships between paternal mental health, parenting, and child behaviour were identified a priori, on the basis of published literature (Bayer et al., 2008; Bayer et al., 2006; Bogels & Phares, 2008).”
Self-citation
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“18 The dimensions consisted of (1) activity, (2) rhythmicity, (3) approach/withdrawal, (4) adaptability,(5) threshold of responsiveness, (6) intensity of reaction, (7) the prevailing mood on a continuum between positive and negative mood, (8) distractability/soothability, and (9) attention span/persistence.”
Background
Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health
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“, 2008), and a negative correlation in a second study (Bayer et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Parent Non-engagement in Preventive Parenting Programs for Adolescent Mental Health: Stakeholder Views
Finan, S. J., Warren, N., Priest, N., Mak, J. S., & Yap, M. B. H. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01627-x · Cited by 23
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“CBCL raw scores were used rather than T -scores because the wide age range of the norming sample (1–5 years) might reduce sensitivity to variation in yearly age bands (Bayer et al. 2008).”
Method
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“Parenting stress has been fairly robustly related to mental health problems (Ashford et al. 2008; Bayer et al. 2008), with recent evidence suggesting bidirectional effects (Stone et al. 2016).”
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“Re ﬂ ecting changes in the dominant policy discourse, the constellation of issues is now more likely to be subsumed under the broader category of ‘ social, emotional and mental health ’ (SEMH) rather than social, emotional and behavioural di ﬃ culties (SEBD) (Bayer, Hiscock, Ukoumunne, Price, & Wake, 2008).”
Background
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Hiscock, H., Bayer, J. K., Lycett, K., Ukoumunne, O. C., Shaw, D. S., Gold, L. H., Gerner, B., Loughman, A., & Wake, M. A. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-420 · Cited by 20
“The Toddlers Without Tears program is one of the few truly universal mental health prevention programs [15,26,27].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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“Nevertheless, it is thought that such dichotomous terms for behaviour are actually misleading as a single individual can display both types of behaviour concurrently.(23,24) Therefore, the association with behavioural deficits as a whole was considered for the purposes of this study, rather than a focus on specific be…”
Background
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“It also appears that the impact of neglect (acts of omission) on adult psychiatric functioning is much longer lasting than what is currently researched (27, 29, 30).”
Background
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“Additionally, our analysis was informed by a body of strong empirical evidence for the influence of parenting style on child behavioural problems and how they are related to parental SES (Bayer et al., 2008; Bøe et al., 2014).”
Method
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The Free-Market Family
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Self-citation
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“Furthermore, greater harsh/negative parenting behavior is associated with higher child depressive symptoms (Baker and Hoerger 2012; Bayer et al. 2008).”
Background
Longitudinal trajectories of maternal parenting stress in Korean families: Children's executive function and school adjustment
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Self-citation
Parental Mental Illness: Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Family Focused Practice within the Early Childhood Sector
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“…domains are also important to quality of life; one in five children living in western societies experiences emotional and behavioral difficulties (Bayer et al. 2008; C. A. Boyle et al. 2011; M. H. Boyle et al. 2019) that relate to enhanced risk of future mental health disorders, substance use…”
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“The literature increasingly acknowledges the importance of addressing mental health needs of young children and their families (Bayer et al. 2008; Powell et al. 2003) and empowering diverse parental caregivers to understand the importance of scaffolding, sensitivity and responsiveness in promoting young children’s eme…”
Background
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“Moreover, young people often mirror the emotional climate of their household [18,19].”

Authors: Bayer, J. K., Hiscock, H., Ukoumunne, O. C., Price, A., & Wake, M.
Affiliations: The University of Melbourne (AU)
Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
Murdoch Children's Research Institute (AU)
ORCID: Bayer, Jordana K.
Hiscock, Harriet
Ukoumunne, Obioha C.
Price, Anna
Wake, Melissa
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-10-27
Volume: 49
Issue: 11
Pages: 1166-1174
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01943.x
OpenAlex: W2131878256
Cited by: 193
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 11.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Australian Rotary Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: child mental health, early childhood, externalizing problems, parenting practices, harsh discipline, parental stress, maternal mental health, family size, infant temperament, domestic violence, child behavior problems, mental health prevention, well-child clinics
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Child, Preschool, Family, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Temperament, Victoria, Parenting, Caregivers, Domestic Violence, Sex Distribution

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Early childhood aetiology of mental health problems: a longitudinal population-based study

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