Epigenetic vestiges of early developmental adversity: childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Fifteen-year-old adolescents (N = 109) in a longitudinal study of child development were recruited to examine differences in DNA methylation in relation to parent reports of adversity during the adolescents’ infancy and preschool periods. Microarray technology applied to 28,000 cytosine–guanine dinucleotide sites within DNA derived from buccal epithelial cells showed differential methylation among adolescents whose parents reported high levels of stress during their children’s early lives. Maternal stressors in infancy and paternal stressors in the preschool years were most strongly predictive of differential methylation, and the patterning of such epigenetic marks varied by children’s gender. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of prospective associations between adversities in early childhood and the epigenetic conformation of adolescents’ genomic DNA.
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Parental stress is associated with transgenerational differences in methylation in more than 150 of 28,000 CpG sites in offspring.
“Yang et al. (410) reported significant differences in methylation in 2,868 CpG sites on genes of all 23 chromosomes with respect to presence of ELS/CT, while Essex et al. (411) described similar transgenerational results in more than 150 of 28,000 CpG sites in a prospective study assessing parental stress and its consequences in their offspring.”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [411]
The Results (Differential Methylation Associated with Early Adversity) report associations between parental stress and offspring methylation at 139 sites for maternal stress in infancy and 31 for paternal stress in preschool; the Discussion says nearly 28,000 sites were interrogated. The Methods (Normalization and Statistical Analysis of DNA Methylation Data) specify that 18,231 sites remained for association testing. The study assessed stress experienced during the offspring’s childhood, not transgenerational inheritance of methylation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDelayed effects of early adverse experiences on health and well-being are mediated through various neuroanatomical, neuroendocrine, and epigenetic factors.
“Delayed effects of early adverse experiences on health and well-being are mediated through various neuroanatomical (Choi, Jeong, Polcari, Rohan, & Teicher, 2012), neuroendocrine (Engert et al., 2010; Sturge-Apple, Davies, Cicchetti, & Manning, 2012), and epigenetic factors (Essex et al., 2013; McDermott, Dawes, Prom-Wormley, Eaves, & Hatemi, 2013).”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Essex et al., 2013
The Discussion > Limitations reports an association between early parental adversity and DNA methylation differences in adolescence, and says those differences could plausibly contribute to later disease and developmental outcomes. Biological embedding and the epigenome likewise describes epigenetic mediation as speculative. Essex et al. therefore supports the epigenetic possibility, but not the sentence’s categorical assertion that delayed health effects are mediated by these factors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEpigenetic processes represent a key family of mechanisms driving biological embedding.
“Epigenetic processes represent a key family of mechanisms driving embedding.”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
The “Biological embedding and the epigenome” section identifies epigenetic processes as potential mechanisms of biological embedding. It also says the underlying mechanisms have not been fully demonstrated and describes epigenetic involvement as a prospect or speculation, so it does not establish them as key mechanisms driving embedding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuman studies of ELA show genome-wide methylation changes and gene-specific effects on neural signaling molecules including serotonin, glutamate, dopamine, COMT, and BDNF.
“Human studies of ELA show genome-wide methylation changes as well as gene-specific effects on neural signaling molecules important to psychological health and neural function, for instance serotonin, glutamate, dopamine, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and BDNF [19].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
The Results section, “Differential Methylation Associated with Early Adversity” (page unavailable), reports methylation differences at numerous CpG sites associated with childhood stress. But “Gene-Specific Analyses” (page unavailable) found no significant stress-related methylation associations for the tested serotonin, dopamine, COMT, or BDNF genes; the cited results also do not establish the claimed glutamate effect. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredComplex sex differences in HPA and autonomic dysregulation after early stress are observed in animals and humans.
“Complex sex differences in HPA and autonomic dysregulation after early stress observed in animals and humans”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
The Results (Gender-Specific Analyses; page unavailable) report sex-specific associations between early parental stress and DNA methylation in children. The neurobiology of early experience section discusses autonomic and adrenocortical stress reactivity, but does not establish sex differences in dysregulation of those systems in both animals and humans. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Numerous studies have demonstrated an association between early-life trauma and peripheral epigenetic marks, including methylation of candidate genes such as BDNF, genes involved in synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, and immune function, as well as novel genes.
“Numerous studies have now investigated the association between early-life trauma and peripheral epigenetic marks, demonstrating an association with methylation of candidate genes (e.g., BDNF), genes involved in synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, and immune function [20], as well as novel genes [47,48].”
ELA effects are modified by genetics, child sex and/or gender, exposure features (e.g., timing, nature, and intensity), and the presence of other risks or protective factors.
“Some observed modifiers of ELA effects include genetics [25, 87–89], child sex and/or gender [19, 90, 91], exposure features (e.g., timing, nature, and intensity) [21, 25], and the presence of other risks or protective factors [36].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Essex, M. J., Thomas Boyce, W., Hertzman, C., Lam, L. L., Armstrong, J. M., Neumann, S. M. A., & Kobor, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of British Columbia
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Essex, Marilyn J
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 58-75
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC3235257
- OpenAlex
- W1942677302
- Semantic Scholar
- 1fd3539aebff40c9a8c104602f2745696bbbeced
- Cited by
- 462
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 13.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH069315, R24MH081797, R01MH044340, P50MH084051)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- developmental adversity, childhood stress, DNA methylation, epigenetics, adolescence, infancy, preschool, sex differences, buccal epithelial cells
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Fathers, Female, Genes, Humans, Male, Mothers, Stress, Psychological, Dinucleoside Phosphates, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Young Adult
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