Cited by 269Language Development and DisordersChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Early parental depression and child language development

Paulson, James F., Keefe, Heather A., Leiferman, Jenn A.·2009·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01973.x

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of early maternal and paternal depression on child expressive language at age 24 months and the role that parent-to-child reading may play in this pathway. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The 9-month and 24-month waves from a national prospective study of children and their families, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), provided data on 4,109 two-parent families. Depressive symptoms were measured with a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Parents reported on positive parent-infant interactions, child expressive vocabulary, and demographic and health information at child age 9 and 24 months. Linear regression was used to estimate associations between depression, parenting, and child vocabulary. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis that parent reading behavior mediates the parent depression to child vocabulary pathway. These models were adjusted for demographic indicators. RESULTS: As previously reported from this national sample, 14% of mothers and 10% of fathers exhibited elevated levels of depressive symptoms at 9 months. For both mothers and fathers, depression at 9 months was negatively associated with contemporaneous parent-to-child reading. Only for fathers, however, was earlier depression associated with later reading to child and related child expressive vocabulary development. A model describing this pathway demonstrated a significant indirect pathway from depression to vocabulary via parent reading to child. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is a significant problem among both mothers and fathers of young children, but has a more marked impact on the father's reading to his child and, subsequently, the child's language development.

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“The disorder is associated with both parenting difficulties (Wilson & Durbin, 2010 ; Davis et al. 2011) and an increased risk of behavioural disturbance and impaired cognitive development in the offspring (Ramchandani et al. 2008 ; Paulson et al. 2009).”
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Antenatal depression and the impact on infant cognitive, language and motor development at six and twelve months postpartum
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“Finally, Paulson et al [55], looking at the 24-month wave of data from their cohort study, compared parental depression with parent– child reading frequency and children’s expressive language development.”
Associations of paternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant development in a Chinese longitudinal study
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Low-Level Symptoms of Depression in Mothers of Young Children are Associated with Behavior Problems in Middle Childhood
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“92) Median (minimum, maximum) 34 (18, 53) 41 (18, 65) 39 (18, 59) 32 (18, 59) PHQ-15 n 40 91 80 33 Mean (SD) 11.”
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“Some emerging research has specifically suggested that high levels of paternal depression may put children at risk for poor language skills (Mensah & Kiernan, 2010; Paulson et al., 2009).”
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Postpartum depressive symptoms across time and place: Structural invariance of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire among women from the international, multi-site MAL-ED study
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PRogram In Support of Moms (PRISM): a pilot group randomized controlled trial of two approaches to improving depression among perinatal women
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Should men be screened and treated for postnatal depression?
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Improving Perinatal Mental Health Care for Women Veterans: Description of a Quality Improvement Program
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Association of proximal elements of social disadvantage with children's language development at 2 years: an analysis of data from the Children in Focus (CiF) sample from the ALSPAC birth cohort
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“Much more needs to be more known about this dynamic interaction between maternal mental state and child development (Paulson et al. 2009).”
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The PRogram In Support of Moms (PRISM): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of two active interventions addressing perinatal depression in obstetric settings
Simas, T. A. M., Brenckle, L., Sankaran, P., Masters, G. A., Person, S. D., Weinreb, L., Ko, J. Y., Robbins, C. L., Allison, J. J., & Byatt, N. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2387-3 · Cited by 31
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“[49]).”
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“[39]; mother’s marital status (married/cohabitating, other); household income-poverty (\poverty line, 100–130 % of poverty line, 130–185 % of poverty line, C185 % of poverty line); and employment status (full-time, part-time, not employed).”
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Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure and Child Motor Development: A Meta-analysis
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Parental Pre‐ and Postpartum Mental Health Predicts Child Mental Health and Development
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African American Fathers’ Depression and Stress as Predictors of Father Involvement During Early Childhood
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“Findings are also consistent with a recent cross-cultural study that linked more father-reported depressive symptoms to less frequent father-child reading (Paulson et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
DOES A PERINATAL PARENTING INTERVENTION WORK FOR FATHERS? A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
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The buffering effect of childhood routines: longitudinal connections between early parenting and prekindergarten learning readiness of children in low-income families
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Authors: Paulson, J. F., Keefe, H. A., & Leiferman, J. A.
Affiliations: Eastern Virginia Medical School (US)
University of Colorado Denver (US)
Corresponding author: Paulson, James F.
ORCID: Leiferman, Jenn A.
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 50
Issue: 3
Pages: 254-262
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01973.x
OpenAlex: W2051886918
Cited by: 267
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 21.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: parental depression, maternal depression, paternal depression, child language acquisition, expressive vocabulary, mediation, parent-infant interaction, early childhood
MeSH terms: Bibliotherapy, Child Language, Child, Preschool, Communication, Demography, Fathers, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reading, Severity of Illness Index, Depression, Postpartum

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