Positive affect is associated with cardiovascular reactivity, norepinephrine level, and morning rise in salivary cortisol
Open accessAbstract
Positive affect was examined as a predictor of (1) cardiovascular reactivity during a sadness and an anger recall task and recovery following the protocol, (2) epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NOREPI) reactivity and level during the recall protocol, and (3) the diurnal pattern of salivary cortisol. Sample was 328 individuals. Negative affect, age, race, sex, smoking status, income, and BMI were adjusted. During sadness recall, positive affect was inversely related to systolic blood pressure (p=.007) and diastolic blood pressure (p=.049) reactivity, and unrelated to heart rate (p=.226). Positive affect was unrelated to reactivity during anger recall (p s>.19), and was unrelated to recovery at the end of the recall protocol. Positive affect was inversely related to the mean level of NOREPI (p=.046), and unrelated to EPI (p=.149). Positive affect was inversely related to the increase in cortisol 30 min post awakening (p=.042), and unrelated to the evening decline in cortisol levels (p=.174). Positive emotions may be relevant to good health.
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Positive psychological factors, including the capacity to regulate emotions effectively, are associated with and plausibly mechanistically responsible for healthier basal levels of autonomic parameters such as heart rate and heart rate variability, greater vagal tone, and healthier biological stress responses.
“Positive psychological factors, including the capacity to regulate emotions effectively, are associated with and plausibly mechanistically responsible for healthier basal levels of autonomic parameters such as heart rate and heart rate variability, greater vagal tone, and healthier biological stress responses. 126-131”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [129]
The Discussion reports lower blood-pressure reactivity during sadness recall among people with higher positive affect, and the Results > Cortisol section reports a smaller morning cortisol rise. These support part of the claim about biological stress responses. The paper does not establish healthier basal heart rate or heart-rate variability, greater vagal tone, or effective emotion regulation; its proposed biological mechanisms remain speculative. Our copy provides no page numbers for these sections. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Brummett, B. H., Boyle, S. H., Kuhn, C. M., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brummett, B. H.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-06-09
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 862-869
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- PMC
- PMC2733859
- OpenAlex
- W2068048657
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL036587, HL036587)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR30L)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- positive affect, cardiovascular reactivity, norepinephrine, epinephrine, salivary cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, blood pressure, heart rate, emotional reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Norepinephrine, Saliva, Socioeconomic Factors, Body Mass Index
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