Positive affect and health-related neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory processes
Open accessAbstract
Negative affective states such as depression are associated with premature mortality and increased risk of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and disability. It has been suggested that positive affective states are protective, but the pathways through which such effects might be mediated are poorly understood. Here we show that positive affect in middle-aged men and women is associated with reduced neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and cardiovascular activity. Positive affect was assessed by aggregating momentary experience samples of happiness over a working day and was inversely related to cortisol output over the day, independently of age, gender, socioeconomic position, body mass, and smoking. Similar patterns were observed on a leisure day. Happiness was also inversely related to heart rate assessed by using ambulatory monitoring methods over the day. Participants underwent mental stress testing in the laboratory, where plasma fibrinogen stress responses were smaller in happier individuals. These effects were independent of psychological distress, supporting the notion that positive well-being is directly related to health-relevant biological processes.
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Positive psychological factors, including the capacity to regulate emotions effectively, are associated with and plausibly mechanistically responsible for healthier basal levels of autonomic parameters such as heart rate and heart rate variability, greater vagal tone, and healthier biological stress responses.
“Positive psychological factors, including the capacity to regulate emotions effectively, are associated with and plausibly mechanistically responsible for healthier basal levels of autonomic parameters such as heart rate and heart rate variability, greater vagal tone, and healthier biological stress responses. 126-131”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [128]
The Abstract and Neuroendocrine and Cardiovascular Activity in Everyday Life section (page not provided) report lower daily cortisol with greater happiness and lower ambulatory heart rate in happier men, but not women. The Abstract also reports smaller fibrinogen stress responses. The paper does not establish a causal mechanism or report findings on emotion-regulation capacity, heart-rate variability, or vagal tone; the Discussion says happiness was not associated with cardiovascular stress responses. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPositive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, is associated with lower cortisol production.
“Positive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, was found to be associated with lower cortisol production”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2005
Positive affect is associated with higher heart rate variability (showing higher parasympathetic activity).
“and higher heart rate variability (showing higher parasympathetic activity)”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2005
Positive affect is associated with a lower fibrinogen response to a mental stress test.
“as well as a lower fibrinogen response to a mental stress test (Steptoe et al., 2005).”
From Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators (2008) · cites this paper as Steptoe et al., 2005
Positive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, is associated with lower cortisol production.
“Positive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, was found to be associated with lower Cortisol production and higher heart rate variability (showing higher parasympathetic activity), as well as a lower fibrinogen response to a mental stress test.122”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [122]
Positive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, is associated with higher heart rate variability, indicating higher parasympathetic activity.
“Positive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, was found to be associated with lower Cortisol production and higher heart rate variability (showing higher parasympathetic activity), as well as a lower fibrinogen response to a mental stress test.122”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [122]
Positive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, is associated with a lower fibrinogen response to a mental stress test.
“Positive affect, assessed by aggregating momentary experiences throughout a working or leisure day, was found to be associated with lower Cortisol production and higher heart rate variability (showing higher parasympathetic activity), as well as a lower fibrinogen response to a mental stress test.122”
From Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain (2006) · cites this paper as [122]
There are correlations between well-being and physical health outcomes such as improved immune system response, higher pain tolerance, increased longevity, cardiovascular health, slower disease progression, and reproductive health.
“there are a number of correlations between well-being and physical health outcomes, such as improved immune system response, higher pain tolerance, increased longevity, cardiovascular health, slower disease progression, and reproductive health [3,4].”
From How to increase reach and adherence of web-based interventions: a design research viewpoint (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
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Atrial Fibrillation and Stress
Segan, L., Prabhu, S., Kalman, J. M., & Kistler, P. M. (2022) · JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2021.12.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Magán, I., Jurado-Barba, R., Casado, L., Barnum, H., Jeon, A., Hernandez, A. V., & Bueno, H. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110710 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Troller-Renfree, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nicoloro SantaBarbara, J., & Lobel, M. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211014583 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Landau, C., Mitnik, I., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Tillinger, E., Friedman, E., & Lev-Ari, S. (2016) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2016.04.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Steptoe, A., Wardle, J., & Marmot, M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2005-04-19
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 6508-6512
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1088362
- OpenAlex
- W2158426152
- Cited by
- 763
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 37.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation
- University of Glasgow
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- positive affect, happiness, cortisol, neuroendocrine activity, heart rate, fibrinogen, inflammation, cardiovascular reactivity, psychological stress, well-being, premature mortality, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, middle-aged adults
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Age Factors, Blood Pressure, Female, Fibrinogen, Happiness, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, London, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva, Sex Factors, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Body Size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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