Cited by 424Social and Intergroup PsychologyRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Understanding and Addressing Contemporary Racism: From Aversive Racism to the Common Ingroup Identity Model

Gaertner, Samuel L., Dovidio, John F.·2005·Journal of Social Issues

DOI 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00424.x

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Abstract

This article describes our collaborative research on aversive racism and a strategy we developed to combat it, the Common Ingroup Identity Model. In addition, we reveal some details about our personal and professional relationship in pursuit of our scientific agenda. We begin by discussing evidence for the existence of aversive racism, a subtle, unintentional form bias that can have pernicious effects. Then we review research concerning how a common ingroup identity can combat aversive racism by redirecting the forces of social categorization and social identity, such that “Us” and “Them” are regarded as “We.” We conclude with a brief discussion of where we may look next for clues toward helping to achieve a fairer, more just society.

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Background
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Background
Visible Disabilities: Acknowledging the Utility of Acknowledgment
Saal, K., Martinez, L. R., & Smith, N. A. (2014) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12140 · Cited by 12
“This discomfort associated with not knowing how to interact with individuals with disabilities can create internal anxiety, which can manifest in avoiding individuals with disabilities entirely (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005; Stone & Colella, 1996).”
Background
Factors Influencing the Employability of Latinos: The Roles of Ethnicity, Criminal History, and Qualifications
Varghese, F. P., Hardin, E. E., & Bauer, R. L. (2009) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-009-9014-2 · Cited by 12
“The examination of ambiguity of qualifications on employability is important, because overt forms of racism (hiring an Anglo applicant that is clearly unqualified over a Latino applicant who is clearly qualified) are not culturally acceptable ( Gaertner and Dovidio 2005 ).”
Background
Persistence of African-American/Black Signed Language Interpreters in the United States: The Importance of Culture and Capital
Oyedele, E. W. (2015) · Cited by 10
Does Information about Bias Attenuate Selective Exposure? The Effects of Implicit Bias Feedback on the Selection of Outgroup-Rich News
Kroon, A. C., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Pronk, T. (2022) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqac004 · Cited by 15
Pandemic and prejudice: Revisiting Bogardus’s social distance concept in a time of COVID-19
Shi, E., Platow, M. J., Bar‐Tal, D., Augoustinos, M., Spears, R., & Rooy, D. V. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221133715 · Cited by 13
“This framing serves as a means by which people justify their views and seek to exon-erate themselves from condemnation for the expression of these attitudes (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005; Henry & Sears, 2002; McConahay, 1983).”
Background
Aversive Racism in Spain--Testing the Theory
Wojcieszak, M. (2014) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edu007 · Cited by 10
Black “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” task: The development of a task assessing mentalizing from black faces
Handley, G., Kubota, J. T., Li, T., & Cloutier, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221867 · Cited by 11
Individual bicultural identity and cultural intelligence
Wagstaff, M. F., Kim, S., Arévalo, F. R. J., Riyami, S. A., & Huerta, E. (2020) · Management Research The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management · doi:10.1108/mrjiam-06-2019-0931 · Cited by 11
Implicit and explicit age cues influence the evaluation of job applications
Kleissner, V., & Jahn, G. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12720 · Cited by 12
Using Virtual Confederates to Research Intergroup Bias and Conflict
de Melo, C. M., Carnevale, P. J. D., & Gratch, J. S. (2014) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2014.62 · Cited by 11
“Although racial discrimination is on the decline, people still tend to make automatic distinctions based on race, which can produce subtle forms of racial discrimination (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005).”
Background
Similarity-attraction across ethnic, religious, and political groups: does celebrating differences or similarities make a difference?
Salas-Schweikart, R., Hendricks, M. J., Boychuck, M., & Moghaddam, F. M. (2024) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2024.2427834 · Cited by 10
“Related to this similarity-based approach is the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005), which proposes that intergroup relations can be improved by changing the perceptions people have of “us” (ingroup) and “them” (outgroup), so that both ingroup and outgroup become perceived as…”
Microaggressions, Stereotypes, and Social Stigmatization in the Lived Experiences of Socially Marginalized Patients/Clients: A Social Justice Perspective
Byrd, M. Y., & Austin, J. T. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35517-3_12 · Cited by 11
Toward A Discourse on the Threat of Performative Wokeness to Justice Agendas in Education
Marshall, P. L., & Wilson, J. (2023) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859231153406 · Cited by 10
“To attain these outcomes, teacher candidates (and education faculty) must be open and receptive to substantive and critical engagement with complex, third-rail issues (Marshall, 2019) such as racism, privilege, and implicit biases (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005; Harper, 2022).”
Clouded reality: News representations of culturally close and distant ethnic outgroups
Kroon, A. C., Trilling, D., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Jonkman, J. G. F. (2019) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2019-2069 · Cited by 10
“In agreement with publicly supported egalitarian norms, news sources and journalists may refrain from blatantly and overtly associating (distant) outgroups with stereotypical attributes (see Gaertner and Dovidio, 2005).”
Background
The Common Ingroup Identity Model
(2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446201022.n48 · Cited by 10
Implicit bias as unintentional discrimination
Asma, L. J. F. (2023) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-023-04364-3 · Cited by 11
Effects of Social Ingroup Cues on Empathy Towards an Intelligent Virtual Agent With a Mixed-Cultural Background
Obremski, D., Friedrich, P., Schäper, P., & Lugrin, B. (2023) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii59096.2023.10388206 · Cited by 9
“Especially empathy across cultural boundaries promotes the adoption of perspective and understanding for the emotions and experiences the other is going through which can help better relate to other cultures [18].”
BackgroundInfluential
Comfort versus discomfort in interracial/interethnic interactions
Bernstein, R. S., & Salipante, P. F. (2015) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-06-2014-0050 · Cited by 9
“The literature germane to comfort uses three terms: intercultural (e.g. Crisp and Turner, 2011; Halualani, 2007), interracial (e.g. Plant and Devine, 2003) and interethnic (e.g. Gaertner and Dovidio, 2005).”
Background
Who’s to Fear? Implicit Sexual Threat Pre and Post the “Refugee Crisis”
Kroon, A. C., & van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2021) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2021.1916401 · Cited by 9
“…overtime ties in with the premises of what has been labeled “aversive” racism: Over the past decades, overtly expressed forms of racial prejudice have decreased, or—rather—evolved into more implicit, covert, and “aversive” forms of racism (Dovidio and Gaertner 2000; Gaertner and Dovidio 2005).”
Background
Mock-Jurors’ Judgements in a Sexual Assault Case: The Influence of Defendant Race and Occupational Status, Delayed Reporting, and Multiple Allegations
Fraser, B. M., Pica, E., & Pozzulo, J. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231153873 · Cited by 9
“The theory of aversive racism (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005) suggests that due to overt racial attitudes being increasingly unacceptable in society, individuals will be less likely to exhibit racist attitudes when racial issues are made salient.”
Background
Let’s (not) talk about race: comparing mock jurors’ verdicts and deliberation content in a case of lethal police use of force with a White or Indigenous victim
Ewanation, L. A., & Maeder, E. M. (2023) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2023.2219814 · Cited by 14
“…of victim race on verdict (e.g. Baldus et al., 1990; Williams et al., 2007), as well as aversive racism theory (e.g. Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998, 2004; Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005), we predicted that jurors would be less likely to render guilty verdicts when the victim was Indigenous as compared to when…”
Mothers of transgender youth experience stigma‐by‐association
Moss‐Racusin, C. A., van der Toorn, J., Beneke, G., & Olson, K. R. (2024) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.13024 · Cited by 9
I Know (What) You Are, But What Am I? The Effect of Recategorization Threat and Perceived Immutability on Prejudice
Fritzlen, K. A., Phillips, J. E., March, D. S., et al. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219843932 · Cited by 9
“For example, the Common Ingroup Identity Model (CII; Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005) proposes that prompting members of disparate groups to consider membership in a common ingroup (e.g., “instead of Blacks and Whites, we are all Americans”) can reduce prejudice.”
Background
Don’t laugh it off: Gender differences in perceptions of women’s responses to men’s use of sexist humor
Saucier, D. A., Strain, M. L., O’Dea, C. J., Sanborn, M., & Martens, A. L. (2020) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2019-0100 · Cited by 9

Authors: Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
University of Connecticut (US)
Corresponding author: Gaertner, Samuel L.
ORCID: Dovidio, John F.
Venue: Journal of Social Issues
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-08-11
Volume: 61
Issue: 3
Pages: 615-639
ISSN: 0022-4537 (ISSN-L)
1540-4560
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00424.x
OpenAlex: W2171244177
Semantic Scholar: fcc70ecd4a693fb2f6f990f6a3c8327ada0dcc9b
Cited by: 424
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 34.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Social Issues (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: aversive racism, common ingroup identity model, social categorization, social identity, ingroup identity, prejudice reduction, social justice

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Understanding and Addressing Contemporary Racism: From Aversive Racism to the Common Ingroup Identity Model

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