The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Electing Directors
Abstract
Using a large sample of director elections, we document that shareholder votes are significantly related to firm performance, governance, director performance, and voting mechanisms. However, most variables, except meeting attendance and ISS recommendations, have little economic impact on shareholder votes—even poorly performing directors and firms typically receive over 90% of votes cast. Nevertheless, fewer votes lead to lower “abnormal” CEO compensation and a higher probability of removing poison pills, classified boards, and CEOs. Meanwhile, director votes have little impact on election outcomes, firm performance, or director reputation. These results provide important benchmarks for the current debate on election reforms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers
Jensen, M. C. (1986) · Cited by 17,275
Agency Problems and the Theory of the Firm
Fama, E. F. (1980) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/260866 · Cited by 10,466
Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers
Jensen, M. C. (1996) · Corporate Bankruptcy · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609435.005 · Cited by 9,306
The economic implications of corporate financial reporting
Graham, J. R., Harvey, C. R., & Rajgopal, S. (2005) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.01.002 · Cited by 6,316
Corporate Governance and Equity Prices
Gompers, P., Ishii, J., & Metrick, A. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/00335530360535162 · Cited by 6,120
Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (1997) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(96)00896-3 · Cited by 5,669
Are Busy Boards Effective Monitors?
FICH, E. M., & SHIVDASANI, A. (2006) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00852.x · Cited by 1,660
The Determinants of Board Composition
Hermalin, B. E., & Weisbach, M. S. (1988) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2555459 · Cited by 1,472
Wealth Destruction on a Massive Scale? A Study of Acquiring‐Firm Returns in the Recent Merger Wave
MOELLER, S. B., SCHLINGEMANN, F. P., & STULZ, R. M. (2005) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00745.x · Cited by 1,417
CEO Involvement in the Selection of New Board Members: An Empirical Analysis
Shivdasani, A., & Yermack, D. (1999) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/0022-1082.00168 · Cited by 1,295
Cited by
The Role of Boards of Directors in Corporate Governance: A Conceptual Framework and Survey
Adams, R. B., Hermalin, B. E., & Weisbach, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.48.1.58 · Cited by 2,358
Women on board: Does boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk?
Sila, V., Gonzalez, A., & Hagendorff, J. (2016) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.10.003 · Cited by 804
Shareholders’ Say on Pay: Does It Create Value?
Cai, J., & Walkling, R. A. (2011) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109010000803 · Cited by 367
Self-citationInstitutional investor cliques and governance
Crane, A. D., Koch, A., & Michenaud, S. (2019) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.11.012 · Cited by 214
Bolton, P., Li, T., Ravina, E., & Rosenthal, H. (2020) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2020.03.004 · Cited by 183
Metadata
- Authors
- CAI, J., GARNER, J. L., & WALKLING, R. A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Finance
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-09-28
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2389-2421
- ISSN
- 0022-1082 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-6261
- OpenAlex
- W4255207779
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 37
- FWCI
- 46.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Electing Directors. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01504.x
- The paper
- CAI, J., GARNER, J. L., & WALKLING, R. A. (2009). Electing Directors. The Journal of Finance. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01504.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.