The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toll‐like receptors 7, 8, and 9: linking innate immunity to autoimmunity
Abstract
Summary: Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) detect infections by highly conserved components of pathogens that are either not present in our own cells or are normally sequestered in cellular compartments that are inaccessible to the TLRs. Most TLRs are expressed on the cell surface, where they have been shown to detect pathogen‐expressed molecules such as lipopolysaccharides and lipopeptides. A subset of TLRs, including TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, are expressed intracellularly within one or more endosomal compartments and detect nucleic acids. Because pathogen and host nucleic acids have very similar structures, these endosomal TLRs may face an extra challenge to induce anti‐pathogen immune responses while avoiding the induction of autoimmune diseases. With the rapid growth in understanding of the biology of the TLRs has come an increasing awareness of their effects on autoimmunity, several aspects of which are the focus of this review. First, recent studies have revealed an inappropriate activation of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 in systemic lupus erythematosus and several other autoimmune diseases. Secondly, the potential for therapeutic development of TLR antagonists is considered. Finally, with the rapid progress in the development of therapeutic agonists for the TLRs, there is accompanying attention to the theoretical possibility that such therapy may induce autoimmunity or autoimmune diseases.
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Citations
Cites
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
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“These effects result from the high content of unmethylated ‘CpG motifs’ (3), which thereby enable TLR9 to effectively distinguish foreign prokaryotic DNAs from self-DNA (34).”
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CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation
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Cited by
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: sensing nucleic acids in viral infection and autoimmune diseases
Gilliet, M., Cao, W., & Liu, Y.-J. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2358 · Cited by 1,190
Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases
Lin, L., & Zhang, J. (2017) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3 · Cited by 731
Mechanism of endosomal TLR inhibition by antimalarial drugs and imidazoquinolines
Kužnik, A., Benčina, M., Švajger, U., Jeras, M., Rozman, B., & Jerala, R. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1000702 · Cited by 606
The interferon-α signature of systemic lupus erythematosus
Obermoser, G., & Pascual, V. (2010) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203310371161 · Cited by 220
Targeting the TLR9–MyD88 pathway in the regulation of adaptive immune responses
Huang, X., & Yang, Y. (2010) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.2010.501333 · Cited by 121
Metadata
- Authors
- Krieg, A. M., & Vollmer, J.
- Venue
- Immunological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-10-30
- Volume
- 220
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 251-269
- ISSN
- 0105-2896 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-065X
- OpenAlex
- W2038207849
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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