Cited by 393Vagus Nerve Stimulation ResearchHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response

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Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity

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Olofsson, Peder S., Rosas‐Ballina, Mauricio, Levine, Yaakov A., Tracey, Kevin J.·2012·Immunological Reviews

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01138.xPMC PMC4536565

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Abstract

Summary: Neural reflex circuits regulate cytokine release to prevent potentially damaging inflammation and maintain homeostasis. In the inflammatory reflex, sensory input elicited by infection or injury travels through the afferent vagus nerve to integrative regions in the brainstem, and efferent nerves carry outbound signals that terminate in the spleen and other tissues. Neurotransmitters from peripheral autonomic nerves subsequently promote acetylcholine‐release from a subset of CD4+T cells that relay the neural signal to other immune cells, e.g. through activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on macrophages. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of the inflammatory reflex and discuss potential therapeutic implications of current findings in this evolving field.

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Authors: Olofsson, P. S., Rosas‐Ballina, M., Levine, Y. A., & Tracey, K. J.
Affiliations: Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (US)
University of Basel (CH)
Corresponding author: Tracey, Kevin J.
ORCID: Olofsson, Peder S.
Levine, Yaakov A.
Tracey, Kevin J.
Venue: Immunological Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-06-21
Volume: 248
Issue: 1
Pages: 188-204
ISSN: 0105-2896 (ISSN-L)
1600-065X
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01138.x
PMC: PMC4536565
OpenAlex: W1901457319
Cited by: 393
References: 170
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 3.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Immunological Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM057226)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Stress, Anesthesia, and Immune Response
Keywords: cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, vagus nerve, brainstem, acetylcholine, CD4+ T cells, alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, macrophages, spleen, neuroimmune regulation, cytokine production, anti-inflammatory therapy
MeSH terms: Acetylcholine, Animals, Choline O-Acetyltransferase, Humans, Inflammation, Reflex, T-Lymphocytes, Vagus Nerve, Neuroimmunomodulation

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Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity

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