Cited by 560Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingHeart rate and cardiovascular health

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A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests

Borg, E., Kaijser, L.·2006·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x

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Abstract

In the present article, three scales developed by Borg are compared on bicycle ergometer work. In the first study, comparing the Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Category scales with Ratio properties (CR10) scales, 40 healthy subjects (12 men and eight women for each scale) with a mean age of about 30 years (SD approximately 6) participated. A work-test protocol with step-wise increase of work loads every minute was used (20 W increase for men and 15 W for women). Ratings and heart rates (HRs) were recorded every minute and blood lactates every third minute. Data obtained with the RPE scale were described with linear regressions, with individual correlations of about 0.98. Data obtained with the CR10 scale could also be described by linear regressions, but when described by power functions gave exponents of about 1.2 (SD approximately 0.4) (with one additional constant included in the power function). This was significantly lower than the exponent of between 1.5 and 1.9 that has previously been observed. Mean individual correlations were 0.98. Blood lactate concentration grew with monotonously increasing functions that could be described by power functions with a mean exponent of about 2.6 (SD approximately 0.6) (with two additional constants included in the power functions). In the second study, where also the more recently developed Borg CR100 scale (centiMax) was included, 24 healthy subjects (12 men and 12 women) with a mean age of about 29 years (SD approximately 3) participated in a work test with a step-wise increase of work loads (25 W) every third minute. Ratings and HRs were recorded. RPE values were described by linear regressions with individual correlations of about 0.97. Data from the two CR scales were described by power functions with mean exponents of about 1.4 (SD approximately 0.5) (with a-values in the power functions). Mean individual correlations were about 0.98. In both studies, a tendency for a deviation from linearity between RPE values and HRs was observed. The obtained deviations from what has previously been obtained for work of longer duration (4-6 min) points to a need for standardization of work-test protocols and to the advantage of using CR scales.

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Vanni, A. C., Meyer, F., da Veiga, A. D. R., & Zanardo, V. P. S. (2010) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1139-z · Cited by 20
“To evaluate the DOMS, we used Borg’s CR10 scale suggested by Borg and Kaijser [ 29 ].”
Method
Examination of Sustained Gait Speed During Extended Walking in Individuals With Chronic Stroke
Altenburger, P., Dierks, T. A., Miller, K. K., Combs, S. A., Puymbroeck, M. V., & Schmid, A. A. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.06.015 · Cited by 20
Effect of a prenatal lifestyle intervention on physical activity level in late pregnancy and the first year postpartum
Sanda, B., Vistad, I., Sagedal, L. R., Haakstad, L. A. H., Lohne‐Seiler, H., & Torstveit, M. K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188102 · Cited by 20
Fluctuating dynamics of perceived exertion in constant-power exercise
Aragonés, D., Balagué, N., Hristovski, R., Pol, R., & Tenenbaum, G. (2013) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.009 · Cited by 19
Variation in the Correlation Between Heart Rate and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion-Based Estimations of Internal Training Load in Youth Soccer Players
Vahia, D., Kelly, A. L., Knapman, H., & Williams, C. A. (2018) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2018-0033 · Cited by 20
Measuring Dyspnea and Perceived Exertion in Healthy Adults and with Respiratory Disease: New Pictorial Scales
Pianosi, P. T., Zhang, Z., Hernandez, P., & Huebner, M. (2016) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-015-0038-4 · Cited by 22
“Our pediatric focus group interviews during scale development differentiated the separate and distinguishable concepts of shortness of breath from increased breathing effort, prompting creation of the “breathing effort” sub-scale [2, 11].”
Background
Self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise influences affective responses to and intentions to engage with high-intensity interval exercise
Bradley, C., Niven, A. G., & Phillips, S. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1570590 · Cited by 23
“9,95.0 = 140.118, P 0.001, ηp2 = 0.805), with RPE at each time point significantly different to the previous time point (P 0.001, d = 0.72–2.61).”
Influential
Augmented Performance Feedback during Robotic Gait Therapy Results in Moderate Intensity Cardiovascular Exercise in Subacute Stroke
Prideaux, N., van den Berg, M., Drummond, C., & Barr, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104758 · Cited by 20
Individual variability of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin levels after aerobic exercise is not mediated by exercise mode
Legaz‐Arrese, A., López‐Laval, I., George, K., Puente‐Lanzarote, J. J., Otín, C. C., Masià, J. R., & Munguía‐Izquierdo, D. (2015) · Biomarkers · doi:10.3109/1354750x.2015.1068851 · Cited by 19
“There was no exercise mode difference in the percentage of peak HR (p¼ 0.131) or RPE reached (p¼ 0.085). hs-cTnT appearance No significant difference was observed in baseline hs-cTnT across the exercise trials (p¼ 0.887).”
MethodInfluential
Dalhousie Pictorial Scales Measuring Dyspnea and Perceived Exertion during Exercise for Children and Adolescents
Pianosi, P. T., Huebner, M., Zhang, Z., Turchetta, A., & McGrath, P. J. (2015) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201410-477oc · Cited by 20
Effects of Compression Tights on Recovery Parameters after Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study
Hettchen, M., Glöckler, K., von Stengel, S., Piechele, A., Lötzerich, H., Kohl, M., & KEMMLER, W. K. (2019) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/5698460 · Cited by 19
“Participant test compliance averaged RPE 8.3±0.6 (December) and RPE 8.5±0.7 (January) (“7”=really hard, “9”=really, really hard) on the Borg CR-10 scale; furthermore, all the participants completed the prescribed exercise sessions.”
MethodInfluential
Medium-chain Triglycerides with Maltodextrin Increase Fat Oxidation during Moderate-intensity Exercise and Extend the Duration of Subsequent High-intensity Exercise
Nosaka, N., Suzuki, Y., Suemitsu, H., Kasai, M., Kato, K., & Taguchi, M. (2018) · Journal of Oleo Science · doi:10.5650/jos.ess18112 · Cited by 21
Move your mind: embedding accredited exercise physiology services within a hospital-based mental health service
Furzer, B. J., Wright, K. E., Edoo, A., & Maiorana, A. (2020) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856220943030 · Cited by 18
The effect of aquatic exercise on bone mineral density in older adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Schinzel, E., Kast, S., Kohl, M., von Stengel, S., Jakob, F. J., Kerschan‐Schindl, K., Kladny, B., Lange, U., Peters, S., Thomasius, F. E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1135663 · Cited by 18
“g Aquatic exercise (chest level): 3 × 60 min; 10 min warm up, 20 min aerobic exercise 12–16 Borg CR20 (Borg and Kaijser, 2006), 20 min strengthening and “bone loading” using devices to increase water resistance and elastic bands, four movement patterns: compression, twisting, stretching/extension, bending/flexion; int…”
Method
What if muscle spindles were also involved in the sense of effort?
Monjo, F., & Allen, T. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284376 · Cited by 18
“In this sense, Monjo et al. (2018) conducted a study in which participants performed voluntary unilateral isometric contractions of elbow flexors at controlled force and rated their perceived effort using the CR10 scale (Borg & Kaijser, 2006).”
Method
Slow Down and Enjoy
Agrícola, P. M. D., Machado, D. G. D. S., Farias-Junior, L. F., Neto, L. I. D. N., Fonteles, A. I., da Silva, S. K. A., Chao, C. H. N., Fontes, E. B., Elsangedy, H. M., & Okano, A. H. (2016) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512516672774 · Cited by 20
“…established strong positive correlations between RPE and physiological variables such as HR (Borg, Hassmén, & Lagerström, 1987; Montenegro et al., 2011), blood lactate and ventilation (Borg & Kaijser, 2006), VO2 (Eston, Faulkner, Mason, & Parfitt, 2006), and muscle activity (Fontes et al., 2010).”
Background
HIIT the Road Jack: An Exploratory Study on the Effects of an Acute Bout of Cardiovascular High-Intensity Interval Training on Piano Learning
Swarbrick, D., Kiss, A., Trehub, S. E., Tremblay, L., Alter, D. A., & Chen, J. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02154 · Cited by 17
“In the middle of each 2-min interval, participants reported subjective exertion levels using Borg’s 6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale (Borg and Kaijser, 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Cold air exposure at − 15 °C induces more airway symptoms and epithelial stress during heavy exercise than rest without aggravated airway constriction
Eklund, L., Sköndal, Å., Tufvesson, E., Sjöström, R., Söderström, L., Hanstock, H. G., Sandström, T., & Stenfors, N. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05004-3 · Cited by 17
“The fact that urinary CC16 Table 5 Comparison of symptom intensity using Borg CR10-scale (Borg and Kaijser 2006) between exposures, rest vs.”
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Effectiveness of whole-body electromyostimulation on knee pain and physical function in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial
Kast, S., KEMMLER, W. K., Roemer, F. W., Kohl, M., Culvenor, A. G., Mobasheri, A., Uder, M., & von Stengel, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71552-7 · Cited by 19
“We focused on overweight people who represent a large proportion of individuals with knee OA, because over-weight is a strong risk factor for the development and progression of knee OA 3,10,11 .”
Background
Acute and chronic caffeine administration increases physical activity in sedentary adults
Schrader, P., Panek-Shirley, L. M., & Temple, J. L. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.003 · Cited by 18
“…i l ab l e on l i ne a t www.sc i enced i r ec t . com www.n r j ou rna l . com Acute and chronic caffeine administration increases physical activity in sedentary adults Patrick Schrader, Leah M. Panek, Jennifer L. Temple⁎ Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and…”
BackgroundMethod
Using differential ratings of perceived exertion to assess agreement between coach and player perceptions of soccer training intensity: An exploratory investigation
Macpherson, T. W., McLaren, S. J., Gregson, W. A., Lolli, L., Drust, B., & Weston, M. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1653423 · Cited by 17
“During dRPE collection, players and the coach provided exertion scores for RPE-L, RPE-B and RPE-T using the Borg CR100 scale (Borg & Kaijser, 2006).”
Method
Circus-specific extension of the International Olympic Committee 2020 consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport
Greenspan, S., Munro, D., Nicholas, J., Stubbe, J. H., Stuckey, M. I., & van Rijn, R. M. (2022) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001394 · Cited by 17
Association between erythrocyte concentrations of magnesium and zinc in high-performance handball players after dietary magnesium supplementation
Molina‐López, J., Molina, J. M., Ríos, L. J. C., Florea, D., Sáez, L., Millán, E. F., & Planells, E. (2012) · Magnesium Research · doi:10.1684/mrh.2012.0311 · Cited by 19
El efecto de la carga de trabajo mental en la intensidad y la dinámica emocional del esfuerzo percibido
Vélez, D. C., Perales, J. C., Ríos, L. J. C., Conde-González, J., Aguilar-Martínez, D., & Araya, S. (2013) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.29.3.175801 · Cited by 17
“…and cardiovascular indices), on the one side, and subjectively perceived exertion, on the other, constitutes a discipline by itself: the psychophysics of effort (Borg, 1982; Noble & Robertson, 1996; Borg & Borg, 2002; Borg & Kaijser, 2006; see Faulkner, Parfitt & Eston, 2008, for a recent review).”
Background
Aerobic interval training improves VO2peakin coronary artery disease patients; no additional effect from hyperoxia
Karlsen, T., Hoff, J., Støylen, A., Skovholdt, M. C., Aarhus, K. G., & Helgerud, J. (2008) · Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.1080/14017430802032723 · Cited by 17
“The following number of patients used the listed medication; beta-blockers (13), antiplatelet agents (15), statins (13), angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (3), long-acting nitrates (2), and diuretics (2).”
BackgroundMethod
Acute recovery from exercise in people with multiple sclerosis: an exploratory study on the effect of exercise intensities
Collett, J., Meaney, A., Howells, K., & Dawes, H. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2016.1152604 · Cited by 16
“[27] Participants were familiarized with Borg’s ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) CR10 scale for breathing (RPRbr) and legs (RPEleg) [28] and height (m), and weight (kg) were measured wearing minimum clothing (Seca Measurement Systems, London, UK).”
Method
Investigating the effects of athlete-reported pre-training well-being and recovery on subsequent training loads in basketball players
Sansone, P., Conte, D., Li, F., & Tessitore, A. (2023) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14954-1 · Cited by 16
Selected Human Physiological Responses During Extreme Heat
Brown, J. S., & Connolly, D. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000787 · Cited by 16
“J Strength Cond Res 29(6): 1729–1736, 2015—The purpose”
Method
Influence of β-blockers on heart rate recovery and rating of perceived exertion when determining training intensity for cardiac rehabilitation
Tsai, S., Huang, Y., Chen, Y.-W., & Ting, C.-T. (2015) · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jcma.2015.05.009 · Cited by 18
Correlates of Mood and RPE During Multi-Lap Off-Road Cycling
Viana, B. F., Pires, F. O., Inoue, A., Micklewright, D. P., & Santos, T. M. (2015) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-015-9305-x · Cited by 16
“Throughout the test HR was monitored continuously (Polar RS 800 CX, Polar Electro, Oy, Finland) while RPE was obtained at the end of each stage according to the Borg’s CR100 scale (Borg and Borg 2002; Borg and Kaijser 2006).”
Method
Low back pain patterns over one year among 842 workers in the DPhacto study and predictors for chronicity based on repetitive measurements
Lagersted-Olsen, J., Bay, H., Jørgensen, M. B., Holtermann, A., & Søgaard, K. (2016) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1307-1 · Cited by 16
“Physical strain at work was evaluated by the question “How physically demanding do you normally consider your present work?” [20], and rated on a scale from 1–10, with 1 being the least and 10 the most demanding work.”
Background
Physiological Responses to Heat Acclimation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Rahimi, G. R. M., Albanaqi, A. L., van der Touw, T., & Smart, N. A. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 16
Time Course of Recovery for Performance Attributes and Circulating Markers of Muscle Damage Following a Rugby Union Match in Amateur Athletes
da Silva, B. V. C., Simim, M. A. D. M., da Silva, R. B., Mendes, E. L., Ide, B. N., Marocolo, M., Martin, J. S., & da Mota, G. R. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8050064 · Cited by 16
“After the match, each player indicated a score for their rating of perceived exertion (RPE) via the CR-10 Borg scale (ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 is “nothing at all” and 10 is “very, very hard; maximal”) to determine the subjective, personally perceived intensity of the match [19].”
Method
The Metabolic Cost of Exercising With a Robotic Exoskeleton: A Comparison of Healthy and Neurologically Impaired People
Postol, N., Lamond, S., Galloway, M. E., Palazzi, K. L., Bivard, A., Spratt, N. J., & Marquez, J. L. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.3039202 · Cited by 16
“such as the BORG scale of perceived exertion [42].”
Background
Pacing Strategy During Simulated Mountain Bike Racing
Viana, B. F., Pires, F. O., Inoue, A., & Santos, T. M. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0692 · Cited by 16
“The heart rate (HR) was monitored throughout the MIT (Polar® RS 800 CX [Polar Electro, Oy, Finland]), blood samples (25 µL) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), quantified according to the CR100 Borg scale (Borg & Borg, 2002; Borg & Kaijser, 2006), were obtained at the end of each stage.”
Method
Ganzkörper Elektromyostimulation versus HIT-Krafttraining – Einfluss auf Körperzusammensetzung und Muskelkraft
W, M., KEMMLER, W. K., Teschler, M., Weißenfels, A., Froehlich, M., Kohl, M., & von Stengel, S. (2015) · German Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5960/dzsm.2015.209 · Cited by 16
Acute Photobiomodulation Does Not Influence Specific High-Intensity and Intermittent Performance in Female Futsal Players
dos Santos, I. A., Lemos, M. D. P., Coelho, V. H. M., Zagatto, A. M., Marocolo, M., Soares, R. N., Neto, O. B., & da Mota, G. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197253 · Cited by 15
“This scale ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 is “very easy” and 10 is “very, very difficult (maximum)” [19].”
Background
Usefulness of perceived level of exertion in patients with chronic low back pain attending a physical training programme
Demoulin, C., Verbunt, J., Winkens, B., Knottnerus, J. A., & Smeets, R. (2009) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903071842 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, some clinicians suggest that fitness training with a workload increase based on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) is more valid and easier to use and interpret than HR [4].”
Background
Cold Water Immersion as a Strategy for Muscle Recovery in Professional Basketball Players During the Competitive Season
Seco‐Calvo, J., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Calvo‐Lobo, C., & Córdova, A. (2019) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2018-0301 · Cited by 15
The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments
Willberg, C., Wieland, B., Rettenmaier, L., Behringer, M., & Zentgraf, K. (2022) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-022-00530-1 · Cited by 14
“To gain more information about internal load, athletes were asked to rate their perceived exhaustion per session (session RPE) using a Borg-scale [30] 15–30 min after the end of the game.”
Method
Improved lower extremity pedaling mechanics in individuals with stroke under maximal workloads
Linder, S. M., Rosenfeldt, A. B., Bazyk, A. S., Koop, M. M., Ozinga, S. J., & Alberts, J. L. (2018) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2018.1437935 · Cited by 14
Clinical importance of sex differences in dyspnea and its sex related determinants in asthma and COPD patients
Skoczyński, S., Zejda, J. E., Brożek, G. M., Glinka, K., Waz, S., Kotulska, B., & Barczyk, A. (2019) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.advms.2019.03.003 · Cited by 14
The influence of a new sole geometry while running
Knoepfli-Lenzin, C., Waech, J. C., Gülay, T., Schellenberg, F., & Lorenzetti, S. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.915421 · Cited by 14
“Periodically, participants rated their perceived level of exertion during treadmill tests using the CR10 scale (Borg & Kaijser, 2006).”
Method
Development of the Color Scale of Perceived Exertion: Preliminary Validation
Serafim, T. H. S., Tognato, A. C., Nakamura, P. M., Queiróga, M. R., Pereira, G., Nakamura, F. Y., & Kokubun, E. (2014) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/27.06.pms.119c28z5 · Cited by 14
“…during aerobic exercise, several scales of perceived exertion have been developed ( Borg, 1970 ; Robertson, Goss, Rutkowski, Lenz, Dixon, Timmer, et al ., 2003; Persinger, Foster, Gibson, Fater, & Porcari, 2004 ; Borg & Kaijser, 2006 ; Borg, © Perceptual & Motor Skills 20142014, 119, 3, 884-900.”
Joint mechanical asymmetries during low- and high-demand mobility tasks: Comparison between total knee arthroplasty and healthy-matched peers
Christensen, J. C., LaStayo, P. C., Mizner, R. L., Marcus, R. L., Pelt, C. E., Stoddard, G. J., & Foreman, K. B. (2017) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.11.017 · Cited by 14
Greater fatigability in knee‐flexors vs. knee‐extensors after a standardized fatiguing protocol
Coratella, G., Grosprêtre, S., Gimenez, P., & Mourot, L. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1469674 · Cited by 14
“Rating of perceived exertion was then recorded using a 0–10 Borg scale (Borg & Kaijser, 2006).”
Method
Trainability of leg strength by whole-body electromyostimulation during adult lifespan: a study with male cohorts
von Stengel, S., & KEMMLER, W. K. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s185018 · Cited by 17
“In all trials, RPE was specified as “6–7” (ie, “hard+” to “very hard”) on the Borg CR10 scale.(23) More details are given in the study by Kemmler et al.”
Method

Authors: Borg, E., & Kaijser, L.
Affiliations: Stockholm University (SE)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Borg, E.
ORCID: Borg, E.
Venue: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-03-02
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-69
ISSN: 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
1600-0838
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x
OpenAlex: W2074023979
Cited by: 558
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 9.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
Keywords: rating of perceived exertion, Borg CR-10 scale, Borg RPE scale, heart rate, blood lactate, power function relationship, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Bicycling, Exercise Test, Physical Exertion, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Perception, Sweden, Work

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A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests

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