Cited by 560Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingHeart rate and cardiovascular health

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A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests

Borg, E., Kaijser, L.·2006·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x

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Abstract

In the present article, three scales developed by Borg are compared on bicycle ergometer work. In the first study, comparing the Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Category scales with Ratio properties (CR10) scales, 40 healthy subjects (12 men and eight women for each scale) with a mean age of about 30 years (SD approximately 6) participated. A work-test protocol with step-wise increase of work loads every minute was used (20 W increase for men and 15 W for women). Ratings and heart rates (HRs) were recorded every minute and blood lactates every third minute. Data obtained with the RPE scale were described with linear regressions, with individual correlations of about 0.98. Data obtained with the CR10 scale could also be described by linear regressions, but when described by power functions gave exponents of about 1.2 (SD approximately 0.4) (with one additional constant included in the power function). This was significantly lower than the exponent of between 1.5 and 1.9 that has previously been observed. Mean individual correlations were 0.98. Blood lactate concentration grew with monotonously increasing functions that could be described by power functions with a mean exponent of about 2.6 (SD approximately 0.6) (with two additional constants included in the power functions). In the second study, where also the more recently developed Borg CR100 scale (centiMax) was included, 24 healthy subjects (12 men and 12 women) with a mean age of about 29 years (SD approximately 3) participated in a work test with a step-wise increase of work loads (25 W) every third minute. Ratings and HRs were recorded. RPE values were described by linear regressions with individual correlations of about 0.97. Data from the two CR scales were described by power functions with mean exponents of about 1.4 (SD approximately 0.5) (with a-values in the power functions). Mean individual correlations were about 0.98. In both studies, a tendency for a deviation from linearity between RPE values and HRs was observed. The obtained deviations from what has previously been obtained for work of longer duration (4-6 min) points to a need for standardization of work-test protocols and to the advantage of using CR scales.

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BackgroundInfluential
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Method
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Method
Guasha improves the rating of perceived exertion scale score and reduces heart rate variability in male weightlifters: a randomized controlled trial
Wang, X., Peijie, C., Xingyu, H., Yingying, W., Jinsheng, Y., Eungpinichpong, W., Yuming, Y., & Chatchawan, U. (2017) · 中医杂志：英文版 · doi:10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30026-2 · Cited by 9
A three-criteria performance score for rats exercising on a running treadmill
Ríos-Kristjánsson, J. G., Rizo‐Roca, D., Kristjánsdóttir, K. M., Núñez-Espinosa, C. A., Torrella, J. R., Pagés, T., & Viscor, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219167 · Cited by 9
Mechanical, Physiological, and Perceptual Demands of Repeated Power Ability Lower-Body and Upper-Body Tests in Youth Athletes: Somatic Maturation as a Factor on the Performance
Arede, J., Leite, N. M. C., Bradley, B., Madruga‐Parera, M., de Villarreal, E. S., & Gonzalo‐Skok, Ó. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01888 · Cited by 10
“Perceptual Response (RPE) After the completion of each block of RPA testing protocol, all participants were requested to quantify the RPE through the Borg CR10 scale (Borg and Kaijser, 2006).”
Method
Carbohydrate supplementation during a simulated 10‐km open water swimming race: effects on physiological, perceptual parameters and performance.
Baldassarre, R., Ieno, C., Bonifazi, M., Castro, A. D., Gianfelici, A., & Piacentini, M. F. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1880644 · Cited by 12
“The Borg CR10 (Borg, 1998; Borg & Kaijser, 2006) was used to assess rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during the trials.”
Method
Preliminary experience with dance movement therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
Blázquez, A., Guillamò, E., & Javierre, C. F. (2010) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2010.05.003 · Cited by 15
“The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (Borg & Kaijser, 2006) was recorded at rest, during very low intensity effort and during the maximal workload.”
Anaerobic Threshold in a Water-Based Exercise: Agreement Between Heart Rate Deflection Point and Lactate Threshold Methods
Alberton, C. L., Andrade, L. S., Pinheiro, R. M., & Pinto, S. S. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003161 · Cited by 8
“exertion integrates perceptions from several important cues, including physiologically local factors, such as the skin, muscles, and joints, and central factors, such as cardiovascular and pulmonary organs, and also psychological factors (11).”
Background
Myofascial release in patients during the early postoperative period after revascularisation of coronary arteries
Ratajska, M., Chochowska, M., Kulik, A., & Bugajski, P. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1593518 · Cited by 9
A Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Unrelated to Metabolic Syndrome
Rottenkolber, M., Gar, C., Then, C., Wanger, L., Sacco, V., Banning, F., Potzel, A. L., Kern-Matschilles, S., Nevinny‐Stickel‐Hinzpeter, C., Grallert, H., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab057 · Cited by 9
Caffeine Ingestion Affects Performance in Different Parts of a Novel Multidirectional High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Futsal Athletes
Bezerra, G. J. D. S., Gomes, E. D. S., & Correia‐Oliveira, C. R. (2021) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1852450 · Cited by 8
Comparative analysis of mental and physical fatigue on motor coordination, visual search patterns, perceived effort, and performance outcomes in closed-loop aiming task
Khalaji, M., Dehkordi, P. S., Mousavian, F., & Alboghebeish, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324063 · Cited by 8
“Perceived exertion was assessed with the Borg scale which ranges from 6 (no exertion) to 20 (maximal exertion) and captures participants’ perception of exercise intensity [44].”
Effect of Wheelchair Stroke Pattern on Upper Extremity Muscle Fatigue
Bickelhaupt, B. L., Oyama, S., Benfield, J. A., Burau, K. D., Lee, S., & Trbovich, M. B. (2018) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.03.022 · Cited by 8
“The participants were given instructions for using the Borg RPE scale, and were encouraged to answer honestly and precisely during the trial [45-47].”
Method
Task-Oriented Circuit Training as an Alternative to Ergometer-Type Aerobic Exercise Training after Stroke
Kelly, L. P., Devasahayam, A. J., Chaves, A. R. D. A., Curtis, M. E., Randell, E. W., McCarthy, J., Basset, F. A., & Ploughman, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10112423 · Cited by 8
“Rating of the perceived exertion was taken during the last 30 sec of each stage using the Borg CR10 scale [30,31].”
Method
The effect of using activity workstations on heart rate variability during complex cognitive tasks
Pilcher, J. J., Morris, D. M., Limyansky, S. E., & Bryant, S. A. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1782919 · Cited by 9
“The session concluded after participants completed a post-survey which assessed their Rated Perceived Exertion on a 1 to10 scale.(49) Within a period of seven days, participants returned to the lab for the second session and completed the same proced-”
Method
Karate Training Improves Metabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial
de Souza, F., da Silva, L. A., Ferreira, G. S., de Souza, M. M. M., Bobinski, F., Palandi, J., Marcon, C. E. M., Martins, D. F., Schuelter‐Trevisol, F., & Trevisol, D. J. (2021) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2020-0193 · Cited by 8
The objectively measured physical work demands and physical capacity of offshore wind technicians: An observational field study
Oestergaard, A. S., Gupta, N., Smidt, T. F., Sandal, L. F., & Søgaard, K. (2022) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103716 · Cited by 8
Elastic band exercise induces greater neuromuscular fatigue than phasic isometric contractions
Grosprêtre, S., Gimenez, P., Mourot, L., & Coratella, G. (2018) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.12.003 · Cited by 8
Ergonomic Improvements to Agricultural Harvest Baskets to Reduce the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Farmers
Seo, M.-T., Kim, H., & Jung, W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710669 · Cited by 7
“5 = very very light, 1 = very light, 2 = fairly light, 3 = moderate, 4 = somewhat hard, 5–6 = hard, 7–9 = very hard, 10 = very very hard) [18,19].”
Exploring the Influence of Acid-Base Status on Athletic Performance during Simulated Three-Day 400 m Race
Chiron, F., Erblang, M., Gulören, B., Bredariol, F., Hamri, I., Léger, D., Hanon, C., Tiollier, E., & Thomas, C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16131987 · Cited by 7
“This test was employed to assess the explosive strength of their forearm muscles, serving as an indirect indicator of central fatigue.”
Method
Using Transparent Neural Networks and Wearable Inertial Sensors to Generate Physiologically-Relevant Insights for Gait
Zhou, L. J., Fischer, E., Brahms, C. M., Granacher, U., & Bert Arnrich, A. (2022) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications · doi:10.1109/icmla55696.2022.00204 · Cited by 7
“The fatigue status was confirmed using blood lactate concentration measurement with blood sampled from the earlobe [18], and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion [19].”
Method
The kinetics of cardiac troponin T release during and after 1- and 6-h maximal cycling trials
Legaz‐Arrese, A., Sitko, S., Cirer-Sastre, R., Mayolas-Pi, C., Jiménez-Gaytán, R. R., Orocio, R. N., García, R. L., Corral, P. G. M., Masià, J. R., George, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.207 · Cited by 7
Effects of Different Intensities of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Protocols on Repeated Sprint Ability in Male Soccer Players: A Randomized Crossover Trial
Akgül, M. Ş., Tohănean, D. I., Akçay, N., Păun, L. I., Çetin, T., Uysal, H. Ş., & Alexe, C. I. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142311269 · Cited by 7
Too rapid increase and too much breathlessness are distinct indices of exertional dyspnea in COPD
Delclaux, C., Chevalier-Bidaud, B., Essalhi, M., Callens, E., Graba, S., Juvin, K., Valcke, J., & Mahut, B. (2011) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.006 · Cited by 7
Regulating Force in Putting by Using the Borg CR100 scale®
Molander, B., Olsson, C.-J., Stenling, A., & Borg, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00082 · Cited by 7
“, so as to give ratio data comparable to what is obtained with traditional psychophysical methods such as magnitude estimation (Borg and Borg, 2001; Borg and Kaijser, 2006; Borg, 2007).”
Self-citation
Protein Supplementation to Augment the Effects of High Intensity Resistance Training in Untrained Middle-Aged Males: The Randomized Controlled PUSH Trial
Wittke, A., von Stengel, S., Hettchen, M., Fröhlich, M., Gießing, J., Lell, M., Scharf, M., Bebenek, M., Kohl, M., & KEMMLER, W. K. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/3619398 · Cited by 7
“Besides proper completion of the logs, for example, with respect to number of reps and corresponding load achieved, participants were asked to list the net exercise time and to list their rate of perceived exertion (Borg CR 10 Scale) [18] for the corresponding session.”
Method
Exercise Rehabilitation Improves Cardiac Volumes and Functional Capacity in Patients With Endomyocardial Fibrosis
Sayegh, A. L. C., dos Santos, M. R., Rondon, E., de Oliveira, P., de Souza, F. R., Salemi, V. M. C., Alves, M. J. D. N. N., & Mady, C. (2019) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0000000000000445 · Cited by 7
Convergent Validity of CR100-Based Session Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Elite Youth Football Players of Different Ages
Serpiello, F. R., & Hopkins, W. G. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0047 · Cited by 7
Positive Effects of Pre-exercise Metabolic Alkalosis on Perceived Exertion and Post-exercise Squat Jump Performance in World-Class Cyclists
Thomas, C., Delfour‐Peyrethon, R., Dorel, S., & Hanon, C. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003855 · Cited by 7
“Immediately after each sprint, during the deceleration phase, subjects were required to provide a rating of their perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg-RPE and Borg-CR10 scales (4).”
Method
La percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo como herramienta válida para la monitorización de la intensidad del esfuerzo en competición de jóvenes futbolistas
Cañada, F. C., Torres‐Luque, G., & Lara-Sánchez, A. J. (2014) · Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte · doi:10.4321/s1578-84232014000100009 · Cited by 7
Heart Rate Variability Responses to an Undulating Resistance Training Program in Free-Living Conditions: A Case Study in a Collegiate Athlete
Holmes, C. J., Wind, S. A., & Esco, M. R. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6040121 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of a Goalkeeper-Specific Adaptation to the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1: Reliability and Variability
Ehlert, A., Cone, J. R., Wideman, L., & Goldfarb, A. H. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002869 · Cited by 7
“The procedures for the visit and the Borg RPE scale were explained (4) before beginning each session.”
Method
Incidencia de las vacaciones de fiestas patrias sobre el estado nutricional, condición física, nivel de actividad física y hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios chilenos
Faúndez-Casanova, C., Fuenzalida, H. I. G., Mellado, V. H. C., & Aguilera, M. A. A. (2020) · Journal of Movement & Health · doi:10.5027/jmh-vol18-issue1(2021)art120 · Cited by 7
Physical fitness and its association with fatigue in patients with low-grade glioma
Loon, E. M. P. V. C., Horemans, H. L. D., Heijenbrok‐Kal, M. H., van den Berg-Emons, R. J. G., Rozenberg, R., Vincent, A. J. P. E., Ribbers, G. M., & van den Bent, M. J. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2125084 · Cited by 8
A Conceptual Framework of Effort and Perception of EffortPreprint
Halperin, I., & Vigotsky, A. D. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h4dfe · Cited by 7
Acute effects of real and imagined endurance exercise on sustained attention performance
Wieland, B., Fleddermann, M., & Zentgraf, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.905772 · Cited by 6
“As a manipulation check, we asked students to report their rate of perceived exertion (RPE) on the Borg scale from 6 to 20 (corresponding to a normal heart rate range of 60–200) used to measure overall exertion during physical activity (Borg and Kaijser, 2006).”
Method
The Effect of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Program on Physical Performance and Selected Cardiometabolic Markers in Obese Young Females
Salhi, A., Ouerghi, N., Zouhal, H., Baaziz, M., Salhi, A., Salah, F. Z. B., & Abderrahman, A. B. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60020230 · Cited by 6
“The intensity of WB-EMS was gauged using the Borg CR 10 scale [20], aiming for a range between 5 and 7, which was described as “hard” to “very hard”.”
Method
Mental fatigue impairs endurance performance in a time-to-exhaustion handgrip task: psychophysiological markers of effort engagement dynamics
Daneshgar-Pironneau, S., Audiffren, M. F., Benraïss, A., Métais, A., & André, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1611135 · Cited by 6
“The perception of effort is referred to as the effort intensity necessary to squeeze the dynamometer while breathing and remaining in the green zone (Mangin et al., 2021) on the CR100 scale (Borg and Kaijser, 2006).”
Internet of Things in Intralogistics: Applications and Emerging Research
de Koster, R. B. M., Roy, D., Lim, Y. F., & Kumar, S. (2025) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478251362677 · Cited by 6
“Larco et al. (2017) explicitly consider the potential discomfort of the order picker (measured by the Borg scale, Borg and Kaijser (2006)) as a second objective, next to pick time, in product-to-location storage assignment decisions, using data from two different warehouses.”
Positive effects of functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling on perception of effort, cerebral blood flow, and cognition in post-stroke patients
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Caffeine Combined With Sodium Bicarbonate Improves Pacing and Overall Performance During a High-Intensity Time Trial
Correia‐Oliveira, C. R., & Lopes‐Silva, J. P. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2031847 · Cited by 6
“(Borg & Kaijser, 2006) Means of performance time, PO, VE, VCO2, and VO2 as well as the magnitude of change in blood and plasma parameters were compared between experimental conditions using a one-way, repeated-measures ANOVA followed by the least significant difference test.”
Method
Perception and Responses to Different Forms of Aqua-Based Exercise Among Older Adults with Osteoarthritis
Fisken, A., Waters, D. L., Hing, W. A., Steele, M. C., & Keogh, J. (2014) · International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education · doi:10.25035/ijare.08.01.05 · Cited by 6
The Relationships Between Training-Load Models in 3 × 3 Basketball Games
Sansone, P., Tessitore, A., Makivić, B., Ferioli, D., & Conte, D. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0452 · Cited by 6
Psicología del Deporte: Algunas nuevas propuestas de desarrollo
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Treadmill-Based Locomotor Training With Robotic Pelvic Assist and Visual Feedback: A Feasibility Study
Bishop, L., Omofuma, I., Stein, J. M., Agrawal, S. K., & Quinn, L. (2020) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000317 · Cited by 6
Associations between Intra-Assessment Resting Metabolic Rate Variability and Health-Related Factors
Alcántara, J. M. A., Osuna‐Prieto, F. J., & Plaza‐Florido, A. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12121218 · Cited by 6
“We considered that subjects performed their maximum effort when they met the following criteria [32]: (i) the RER was ≥1.1; (ii) the self-reported perceived exertion was >9 using the rating of perceived exertion category-ratio scale (RPE-CR10) [33]; and (iii) the heart rate was ≥90% of the age-predicted maximum heart…”
MethodInfluential
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Immediate Effects of Whole-Body versus Local Dynamic Electrostimulation of the Abdominal Muscles in Healthy People Assessed by Ultrasound: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Álvarez-Barrio, L., Pérez, V. R., Calvo‐Lobo, C., Leirós‐Rodríguez, R., Alba-Pérez, E., & Rodríguez, A. F. L. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12030454 · Cited by 6
“Finally, the correct execution of the dynamic exercises and the Borg scale [39] were explained to them.”
Method
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Skroče, K., Bettega, S., D’Emanuele, S., Boccia, G., Schena, F. F., & Tarperi, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065189 · Cited by 6
“One month prior to incremental testing, participants were familiarized with the RPE (Borg centiMax® Scale, 0–100) [26] and the setting of the URV condition.”
Method
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Proost, M., Habay, J., Wachter, J. D., Pauw, K. D., Marušič, U., MEEUSEN, R. R., Bock, S. D., Roelands, B., & Cutsem, J. V. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003322 · Cited by 6
“The choice for the CR100 scale was made based on the several advantages in assessing perceived exertion for a submaximal endurance leg extension task (37,38).”
Method
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Knopp, M. U., Appelhans, D., Schönfelder, M., Seiler, S., & Wackerhage, H. (2024) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-024-00717-5 · Cited by 6
“RPE here uses Borg CR 1–10 scale [125].”
Method
Successful physical exercise-induced weight loss is modulated by habitual sleep duration in the elderly: results of a pilot study
Goerke, M., Sobieray, U., Becke, A., Düzel, E., Cohrs, S., & Müller, N. G. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1460-y · Cited by 7

Authors: Borg, E., & Kaijser, L.
Affiliations: Stockholm University (SE)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Borg, E.
ORCID: Borg, E.
Venue: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-03-02
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-69
ISSN: 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
1600-0838
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x
OpenAlex: W2074023979
Cited by: 558
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 9.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
Keywords: rating of perceived exertion, Borg CR-10 scale, Borg RPE scale, heart rate, blood lactate, power function relationship, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Bicycling, Exercise Test, Physical Exertion, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Perception, Sweden, Work

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A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests

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