Cited by 560Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingHeart rate and cardiovascular health

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A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests

Borg, E., Kaijser, L.·2006·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x

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Abstract

In the present article, three scales developed by Borg are compared on bicycle ergometer work. In the first study, comparing the Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Category scales with Ratio properties (CR10) scales, 40 healthy subjects (12 men and eight women for each scale) with a mean age of about 30 years (SD approximately 6) participated. A work-test protocol with step-wise increase of work loads every minute was used (20 W increase for men and 15 W for women). Ratings and heart rates (HRs) were recorded every minute and blood lactates every third minute. Data obtained with the RPE scale were described with linear regressions, with individual correlations of about 0.98. Data obtained with the CR10 scale could also be described by linear regressions, but when described by power functions gave exponents of about 1.2 (SD approximately 0.4) (with one additional constant included in the power function). This was significantly lower than the exponent of between 1.5 and 1.9 that has previously been observed. Mean individual correlations were 0.98. Blood lactate concentration grew with monotonously increasing functions that could be described by power functions with a mean exponent of about 2.6 (SD approximately 0.6) (with two additional constants included in the power functions). In the second study, where also the more recently developed Borg CR100 scale (centiMax) was included, 24 healthy subjects (12 men and 12 women) with a mean age of about 29 years (SD approximately 3) participated in a work test with a step-wise increase of work loads (25 W) every third minute. Ratings and HRs were recorded. RPE values were described by linear regressions with individual correlations of about 0.97. Data from the two CR scales were described by power functions with mean exponents of about 1.4 (SD approximately 0.5) (with a-values in the power functions). Mean individual correlations were about 0.98. In both studies, a tendency for a deviation from linearity between RPE values and HRs was observed. The obtained deviations from what has previously been obtained for work of longer duration (4-6 min) points to a need for standardization of work-test protocols and to the advantage of using CR scales.

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“Borg and Kaiser [30] found a linear relationship between perceptual factors and physiological or physical parameters in a 6–20 scale.”
Background
Effects of Visual Feedback During Recumbent Stepping in Individuals With Chronic Stroke
Pardo, V. M., Albertson, M., Bacus, M., Crosbie, L., Sharkey, K., & Maher, S. (2020) · Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation · doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2020.100086 · Cited by 3
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Santos, L. E. R., Costa, A. D. S., Costa, E. C., Damasceno, V. D. O., Chen, Z., de Oliveira, I. A., da Silva, K. K. D., Pires, F. O., & Santos, T. M. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2021-0086 · Cited by 3
Impact of a Community-Based Pelvic Floor Kinesic Rehabilitation Program on the Quality of Life of Chilean Adult Women with Urinary Incontinence
Cifuentes-Silva, E., Valenzuela-Duarte, N., Canales-Gajardo, I., & Cabello‐Verrugio, C. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_7 · Cited by 3
Exercise Performance of Lowlanders with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Acutely Exposed to 2048 m: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial
Bitos, K., Kuehne, T., Latshang, T. D., Aeschbacher, S. S., Huber, F. L., Flueck, D., Hasler, E., Scheiwiller, P. M., Lichtblau, M., Ulrich, S., et al. (2023) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s400816 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, dyspnea and leg fatigue were assessed directly before and after the exercise test by a Borg CR10 scale.(18) The mean value of the work rate at the last 30 seconds of exercise was defined as maximal power output and all other variables were determined similarly.”
Method
Effects of tele-prehabilitation on clinical and muscular recovery in patients awaiting knee replacement: protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Guida, S., Vitale, J. A., Gianola, S., Castellini, G., Swinnen, E., Beckwée, D., Gelfi, C., Torretta, E., & Mangiavini, L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073163 · Cited by 3
‘I never thought exercise could help improve my sleep’: experiences of people with rheumatoid arthritis on the impact of an 8-week walking-based exercise intervention in improving their sleep
McKenna, S. G., Larkin, L., Donnelly, A., Esbensen, B. A., Ng, W. L., Anjum, A. M., Fraser, A. D., & Kennedy, N. (2023) · Rheumatology Advances in Practice · doi:10.1093/rap/rkae008 · Cited by 3
“…I dunno, my arms are easier to swing when I ’ m walking ’ (SL01) The exercise programme was devised using incremental targets for daily walks, and participants were advised to monitor and progress their exercise intensity using the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale (range 6 – 20) [31].”
The acute effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation recovery technique on fatigue in karate athletes
Arovah, N. I., & Putri, D. A. T. (2024) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2023.02.004 · Cited by 3
The effect of hand and body position on chest compression quality and rescuer fatigue in prone cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Liu, Q., Li, B., Zhou, S., Gu, L., Xue, L., Lu, R., Xu, L., & Sun, P. (2024) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100787 · Cited by 3
Effects of a Wearable Assistive Device on Postural Control and Stability During Symmetric and Asymmetric Intermittent Trunk Flexion Tasks
Kuber, P. M., & Rashedi, E. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12050456 · Cited by 3
“Lastly, fatigue was assessed using perceived ratings of exertion using Borg CR10 scale [47].”
Adjuvant melatonin therapy during exercise prescription in breast cancer survivors on physical and anthropometric parameters, quality of life, and hormonal response. A randomized controlled trial
Miguel, A. M., Cacharro, L. M., Santamaría, G., Garrosa, M., Miguel, M. C. S., Roche, E., Garrosa, E., & Fernández‐Lázaro, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1594733 · Cited by 4
“In this regard, elastic band exercises were progressively adjusted based on the RPE scale to reach a level of 10 (80), without inducing fatigue.”
Eccentric Cycling Improves Motor Learning More Than Concentric Cycling
Youssef, L., Pageaux, B., & Neva, J. L. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70262 · Cited by 3
“Maintaining the target cadence in the green zone at the end of the 20 min of cycling was used as an indicator that participants were sufficiently familiarized with the task.”
Oxidation–reduction processes in ice swimmers after ice-cold water bath and aerobic exercise
Sutkowy, P., Woźniak, A., Boraczyński, T., Boraczyński, M., & Mila-Kierzenkowska, C. (2015) · Cryobiology · doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.04.005 · Cited by 3
“4) [6].”
Moderate intensity endurance exercise on responses of relative cardiovascular parameters of primary and secondary hypertensive patients: protocol for a randomised controlled trials
Yakasai, A. M., Maharaj, S. S., & Nuhu, J. M. (2019) · European Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1080/21679169.2019.1650393 · Cited by 3
“The Borg rating perceived exertion scale (RPE scale) [27] will be used to determine the level of exertion perceived during the test.”
Method
Altered Force Ratio in Unanticipated Side Jumps After Treadmill Run
Kuni, B., Cárdenas-Montemayor, E., Bangert, Y., Friedmann‐Bette, B., Moser, M. T., Rupp, R., & Schmitt, H. (2008) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e318188b880 · Cited by 3
“Subjects were asked to provide their rate of perceived exertion (Borg Scale) every 10 min.(54,55) After 30 min of running, the speed was reduced to 6 km/h and lactate was measured in capillary blood from the finger tip.”
Method
Endurance-training in healthy men is associated with lesser exertional breathlessness that correlates with circulatory-muscular conditioning markers in a cross-sectional design
Plantier, L., Dandachi, G. A., Londner, C., Caumont‐Prim, A., Chevalier-Bidaud, B., Toussaint, J., Desgorces, F.-D., & Delclaux, C. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-426 · Cited by 3
“…at rest, every minute during exercise and at peak exercise by pointing to the 10- point Borg scale (Category scale with Ratio properties: CR10 (Borg and Kaijser 2006), explained before testing); zero represented “no discomfort” and 10 represented “the most severe discomfort they could imagine…”
MethodInfluential
Borg’s category ratio-scale (CR-10) is useful to predict the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in young Mexicans adults, regardless their body mass
Ramos‐Jiménez, A., Wall‐Medrano, A., Hernández-Lepe, M. A., Treviño, G. C., Arvizuo, J. G., & Torres, R. P. H. (2019) · CIENCIA ergo sum · doi:10.30878/ces.v26n1a7 · Cited by 3
Muskuläre Belastung unterschiedlicher Ganzkörper-Elektromyostimulations-(WB-EMS) Protokolle – eine Crossover-Untersuchung mit Sportlern ohne WB-EMS Erfahrung
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“Nach Beendigung der beiden Methodenvarianten (mit vs. ohne WB-EMS) wurden die Teilnehmer aufgefordert, ihr subjektives Belastungsempfinden während der gesamten Trainingseinheit anhand der CR10 [13] zu dokumentieren.”
BackgroundInfluential
Fatiguing Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Decreases the Sense of Effort During Subsequent Voluntary Contractions in Men
Monjo, F., Zory, R., & Forestier, N. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.036 · Cited by 3
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McGuirk, M. G. (2012) · Cited by 3
Differences in Cardiorespiratory Responses in Winter Mountaineering According to the Pathway Snow Conditions
Carceller, A., Javierre, C. F., Corominas, J., & Viscor, G. (2019) · High Altitude Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1089/ham.2018.0096 · Cited by 4
“At each ascent ﬁnish, monitoring was interrupted and a Borg test (rate of perceived exertion scale; 6–20) was performed (Borg and Kaijser, 2006).”
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Validity and between-days reliability of two different metabolic systems for measuring gas exchange during walking
Alcántara, J. M. A., Alonso-Gonzalo, F., Clavero‐Jimeno, A., Mármol-Pérez, A., Suarez-Roman, J. A., & Ruiz, J. R. (2024) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104281 · Cited by 2
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Butterworth, J. B., Dekerle, J., Greenhouse‐Tucknott, A., Critchley, H., & Smeeton, N. J. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12263 · Cited by 3
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“Finally, the strong associations between various commonly used RPE scales (Grant et al. 1999; Robertson et al. 2004; Borg and Kaijser 2006; Fanchini et al. 2016; Arney et al. 2019) suggest that most scales can be expected to produce similar ratings.”
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“For its part, Borg and Kaijser (2006) found a linear relationship between perceptual factors and physiological or physical parameters and emphasized the RPE instrument.”
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Rosa, M. R., de Souza, V. S., Paro, F. M., Gomes, D. C. D. A. P., Toledo, M. L. S. A., Pedreira, A. B., Duarte, H., Wittmer, V. L., & Barbalho‐Moulim, M. C. (2025) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.70006 · Cited by 2
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Blasco, E. (2015) · Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation · doi:10.17352/2455-5487.000018 · Cited by 2
“In addition, to measure effort perception we used The Borg Scale [20,21] to adjust the intensity of effort.”
Method
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Iranian Truck Drivers and Its Association with Road Accidents
Asour, A. A., Mehri, F., Fasih-Ramandi, F., & Karimi, A. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology · doi:10.52547/johe.11.2.106 · Cited by 2
“This rating is derived from the Borg index [15].”
Method
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Stephenson, B. T., O’Brien, T. J., Hutchinson, M. J., D’Angeli, C., Cockram, A., Mason, B. S., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0174 · Cited by 2
Cursor control through hand shape and Z dimension movements to assist target acquisition in large displays
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Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may be an indicator of more severe liver inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients
Pena, L. C., Couto, C. A., Correa, B. H. M., Ferrua, L. F. Q., Cançado, G. G. L., Faria, L. C., Mancuzo, E. V., & Ferrari, T. C. A. (2023) · Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102163 · Cited by 2
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“During the first six sessions, the limit for perceived intensity was set to a maximum of "5 strong" on the Borg CR-10 RPE scale [30,31].”
BackgroundMethod
Effect of One Session of Muscle Blood Flow Restriction Training Versus Normal Training on Blood Lactate Level
Fukuta, H. (2024) · Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2490/prm.20240017 · Cited by 2
“Given that the relationship between perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration is recognized, 21 ) the high Borg scale 12 ) observed during MBFRT in this study indicates lactic acid accumulation.”
Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise with Different Cuff Types
Chen, L.-S., Brosselin, P., McLaurin, N., Charry, D., & Tanaka, H. (2025) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000292 · Cited by 2
Bilateral neuromuscular adaptation to acute unilateral resistance exercise in healthy older adults
Gamage, N. N., Altheyab, A., Guo, Y., Phillips, B. E., Opie, G. M., Semmler, J. G., Atherton, P. J., & Piasecki, M. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01693-8 · Cited by 2
“The criterion for failure was the participant’s inability to complete the full range of leg extension despite the investigator’s encouragement and was validated by the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale corresponding to extremely hard-maximal exertion (19–20/20) [30].”
Efeito de jogo de futsal sobre o desempenho intermitente de alta intensidade em futebolistas amadoras
dos Santos, I. A., Lemos, M. D. P., & da Mota, G. R. (2018) · Arquivos de Ciências do Esporte · doi:10.17648/aces.v6n1.2553 · Cited by 2
Wirkung sportlicher Aktivität auf das aktuelle Befinden im höheren Erwachsenenalter
Molinari, V., Schmid, J., Sudeck, G., & Conzelmann, A. (2015) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-015-0356-1 · Cited by 2
“Für die Bearbeitung des dritten Fragekomplexes wurde die wahrgenomme ne Belastung in zwei Kategorien aufgeteilt (niedrige Belastungen: Werte ≤ 2; mittlere Belastungen 2 < Wert ≤ 6; Borg & Kaijser, 2006; Nelson et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE VISUAL ANALOGUE AND BORG’S CR10 SCALES FOR PERCEIVED EXERTION
Galante, W., da Silva, E., & Silva, J. A. D. (2009) · Proceedings of Fechner Day · Cited by 2
Bewegen essentieel bij COPD
Zagers, C. (2013) · TvPO · doi:10.1007/s12503-013-0029-1 · Cited by 2
Experience-oriented tobacco-use prevention lecture using a COPD-simulation mask for junior high school students
Iizuka, M., Tomita, K., & Takeshima, R. (2014) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2014.09.012 · Cited by 2
Impact of an Exercise Program for Morbidly Obese Patients on Quality of Life and on Clinical and Metabolic Profile
Carneiro, J. R. I., & da Cruz, G. G. (2012) · Journal of Obesity & Weight loss Therapy · doi:10.4172/2165-7904.1000124 · Cited by 2
“We also measured: heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (O2 Sat), using a Nonin calibrated wrist oxymeter (Onyx Finger Pulse Oximeter 9500) and subjective tolerance to physical effort using the Borg scale [9] at time: zero, 2 minutes, 4 minutes and 6 minutes as well as 1 minute after the end of test.”
Method
Identification of training status differences using perceived exertion threshold
Ferreira, G. A., Bertuzzi, R., Lima‐Silva, A. E., Malfatti, C. R. M., De-Oliveira, F. R., & Osiecki, R. (2015) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0478 · Cited by 2
“Perceptual scales with ratio proprieties, such as the category ratio scale with 10 or 100 points (CR 10 and CR 100, respectively), have a nonlinear behavior during an incremental test (Borg and Kaijser 2006), which makes it possible to identify a breakpoint (Fabre et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Work-based physical exercise benefits on NCCDs Chilean employees’ mood and emotions: a preliminary study
Saracini, C., Vásquez-Gómez, J., & Castillo-Retamal, M. (2020) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2020.1826997 · Cited by 3
“Subjective intensity was calculated according to the Borg Perceived Exertion Rate from 6 to 20 (Borg & Kaijser, 2006).”
Method
Ergonomic Risk Factors Among Eye Care specialists- A Study of Community Outreach Health Camps of Assam
Kakati, A., & Das, A. K. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94277-9_73 · Cited by 2
A Measure of Swallow Effort Using the Borg Category Ratio 10 Perceived Exertion Scale
Cortez-Aoyagi, M., Gufstason, E., Murphy, A. M., & van Mersbergen, M. (2023) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-23-00090 · Cited by 2
Week-to-week changes in training were not prospectively associated with injuries among Wisconsin high school cross-country runners
Stiffler-Joachim, M. R., Heiderscheit, B. C., & Kliethermes‌, S. (2024) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip-2024-045233 · Cited by 2

Authors: Borg, E., & Kaijser, L.
Affiliations: Stockholm University (SE)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Borg, E.
ORCID: Borg, E.
Venue: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005-03-02
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-69
ISSN: 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
1600-0838
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x
OpenAlex: W2074023979
Cited by: 558
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 9.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
Keywords: rating of perceived exertion, Borg CR-10 scale, Borg RPE scale, heart rate, blood lactate, power function relationship, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Bicycling, Exercise Test, Physical Exertion, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Perception, Sweden, Work

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A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests

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