Shift of Monocyte Function Toward Cellular Immunity During Sleep
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sleep is considered to strengthen immune defense. We hypothesized that sleep achieves this effect by shifting the balance between types 1 and 2 cytokine activity toward increased type 1 activity, thereby supporting adaptive cellular immune responses. METHODS: We analyzed monocyte-derived type 1 (interleukin 12 [IL-12]) and type 2 (IL-10) cytokines by means of multiparametric flow cytometry in healthy human subjects (n = 11) during a regular sleep-wake cycle and 24 hours of wakefulness. RESULTS: Sleep increased the number of IL-12-producing monocytes and concurrently decreased the number of IL-10-producing monocytes, thereby inducing clear rhythms in these cells, with maximum numbers at 2:20 and 11:30 am, respectively. The rhythms were completely absent during continuous wakefulness. Correlation analyses and supplementary in vitro studies suggest that high prolactin and low cortisol levels are factors contributing to the shift in the IL-12/IL-10 ratio toward increased IL-12 activity during sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Monocyte-derived IL-12 and IL-10 play a critical role for tuning the synapse between antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. By preferentially supporting type 1 IL-12 activity, sleep induces a 24-hour oscillation between predominant types 1 and 2 cytokines and, in this way, acts to globally increase the efficacy of adaptive immune responses. Improving sleep could represent a therapeutic option to enhance the success of vaccinations and success in the treatment of diseases (eg, atopic dermatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection) that are characterized by type 2 cytokine overactivity.
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Sleep diminishes the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 by monocytes.
“Concurrently, sleep diminishes the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 by monocytes (696).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [696]
There is converging evidence that sleep promotes Th1 immune responses as an immediate sequel of APC-T cell interactions.
“There is converging evidence that sleep promotes Th1 immune responses as an immediate sequel of APC-T cell interactions.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [696]
Sleep in humans enhances the production of IL-12 by monocytes and premyeloid dendritic cells (pre-mDC) which represent the most important precursors of mature professional APC circulating in blood.
“Thus sleep in humans enhances the production of IL-12 by monocytes and premyolid dendritic cells (pre-mDC) which represent the most important precursors of mature professional APC circulating in blood (307, 696).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [696]
Not only SWS, but also the enhanced release of GH and prolactin, together with the simultaneously suppressed cortisol levels observed during SWS-rich sleep after hepatitis A vaccination, were revealed to be highly predictive for the number of antigen-specific Th cells detected in blood 4 wk and 1 year after vaccination.
“Not only SWS, but also the enhanced release of GH and prolactin, together with the simultaneously suppressed cortisol levels observed during SWS-rich sleep after hepatitis A vaccination, were revealed to be highly predictive for the number of antigen-specific Th cells detected in blood 4 wk and 1 year after vaccination (696).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [696]
In vivo as well as in vitro studies identified high prolactin and low cortisol levels as factors most strongly contributing to the nocturnal upsurge of IL-12 production.
“Moreover, in vivo as well as in vitro studies identified high prolactin and low cortisol levels as factors most strongly contributing to the nocturnal upsurge of IL-12 production (307, 696).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [696]
Circadian rhythms of neuronal, endocrine, and immune systems can regulate energy metabolism and partition fuels to daytime and nighttime consumers.
“Studies in a number of systems have demonstrated that circadian rhythms of neuronal, endocrine, and immune systems can regulate energy metabolism and partition fuels to daytime and nighttime consumers [9, 13–15].”
From Evolutionary medicine and chronic inflammatory state—known and new concepts in pathophysiology (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Lange, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Lange, Tanja
- ORCID
- Lange, Tanja
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-09-18
- Volume
- 166
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1695
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2008133909
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, monocytes, IL-12, IL-10, Th1 cytokines, type 2 cytokines, circadian rhythm, prolactin, cortisol, cell-mediated immunity, adaptive immune response, antigen-presenting cells, sleep-wake cycle, vaccination
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Monocytes, Norepinephrine, Prolactin, Sleep, Growth Hormone, Wakefulness, Interleukin-10, Polysomnography, Cross-Over Studies, Interleukin-12, In Vitro Techniques
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