Cited by 1,572Smoking Behavior and CessationHealth disparities and outcomesGlobal Cancer Incidence and Screening

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Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review

Hiscock, Rosemary, Bauld, Linda, Amos, Amanda, Fidler, Jennifer A., Munafò, Marcus·2012·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x

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Abstract

Smoking prevalence is higher among disadvantaged groups, and disadvantaged smokers may face higher exposure to tobacco's harms. Uptake may also be higher among those with low socioeconomic status (SES), and quit attempts are less likely to be successful. Studies have suggested that this may be the result of reduced social support for quitting, low motivation to quit, stronger addiction to tobacco, increased likelihood of not completing courses of pharmacotherapy or behavioral support sessions, psychological differences such as lack of self‐efficacy, and tobacco industry marketing. Evidence of interventions that work among lower socioeconomic groups is sparse. Raising the price of tobacco products appears to be the tobacco control intervention with the most potential to reduce health inequalities from tobacco. Targeted cessation programs and mass media interventions can also contribute to reducing inequalities. To tackle the high prevalence of smoking among disadvantaged groups, a combination of tobacco control measures is required, and these should be delivered in conjunction with wider attempts to address inequalities in health.

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Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with psychotic experiences at age 18: Findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Gage, S. H., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Munafò, M. R., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., & Zammit, S. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000531 · Cited by 91
“Tobacco use may be a marker for factors such as socio-economic status or family adversity that increase risk of psychosis (Hiscock et al. 2012), and that might confound the association between cannabis and psychotic * Address for correspondence: Ms.”
Background
Smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use among adolescents with psychiatric disorders compared with a population based sample
Mangerud, W. L., Bjerkeset, O. A., Holmen, T. L., Lydersen, S., & Indredavik, M. S. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.08.007 · Cited by 91
Socio-Economic Inequalities in Lung Cancer Outcomes: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Redondo‐Sánchez, D., Petrova, D., Rodríguez‐Barranco, M., Fernández‐Navarro, P., Jiménez‐Moleón, J. J., & Sánchez, M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14020398 · Cited by 99
“For instance, interventions that effectively increase awareness of lung cancer risk factors [43] and decrease tobacco use among socio-economically disadvantaged populations [33] can reduce inequalities in cancer incidence.”
Background
Early life adversity and age acceleration at mid-life and older ages indexed using the next-generation GrimAge and Pace of Aging epigenetic clocks
McCrory, C., Fiorito, G., O’Halloran, A. M., Polidoro, S., Vineis, P., & Kenny, R. A. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105643 · Cited by 96
Cohort Profile: The Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) Study
O’Loughlin, J. L., Dugas, E. N., Brunet, J., DiFranza, J. R., Engert, J. C., Gervais, A., Gray‐Donald, K., Karp, I., Low, N. C. P., Sabiston, C. M., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu135 · Cited by 99
Homelessness, cigarette smoking and desire to quit: results from a US national study: Homelessness and smoking
Baggett, T. P., Lebrun-Harris, L. A., & Rigotti, N. A. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12292 · Cited by 88
“This study adds to a body of literature highlighting the influence of social circumstances on cigarette smoking (39), complements studies detailing the association between homelessness and other addictive behaviors (20, 40-45), extends the findings of a Department of Veterans Affairs study that reported an association…”
Result
Understanding the multitude of barriers that prevent smokers in lower socioeconomic groups from accessing smoking cessation support: A literature review
van Wijk, E. C., Landais, L. L., & Harting, J. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.029 · Cited by 83
Randomized trial comparing mindfulness training for smokers to a matched control
Davis, J. M., Manley, A. R., Goldberg, S. B., Smith, S. S., & Jorenby, D. E. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.04.005 · Cited by 83
“When treatment is available to those of lower socioeconomic status, they are less likely to begin treatment (Adler & Newman, 2002), and are more likely to stop treatment program before completion (Hiscock et al., 2012).”
Background
Lung cancer screening and smoking cessation efforts
Moldovanu, D., de Koning, H. J., & van der Aalst, C. M. (2021) · Translational Lung Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tlcr-20-899 · Cited by 82
“Prior research has also shown that smokers from more socially deprived groups are less likely to both participate in a lung cancer screening program and to be abstinent from smoking (50,51).”
Method
Co-occurring risk factors for current cigarette smoking in a U.S. nationally representative sample
Higgins, S. T., Kurti, A. N., Redner, R. N., White, T. J., Keith, D. R., Gaalema, D. E., Sprague, B. L., Stanton, C. A., Roberts, M. E., Doogan, N., et al. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.025 · Cited by 85
“While not explicitly examined in this study, smokers with these profiles are more likely to be nicotine dependent and are at increased risk for adverse health impacts of smoking (Higgins & Chilcoat, 2009; Hiscock et al., 2012).”
Background
Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Historical Context, and Genetic Inheritance in Shaping Body Mass in Middle and Late Adulthood
Liu, H., & Guo, G. (2015) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122415590627 · Cited by 81
“Research has shown that lower SES is linked to a greater prevalence of smoking (Hiscock et al. 2012), which is known to be associated with lower BMI.”
Background
Childhood self-control predicts smoking throughout life: Evidence from 21,000 cohort study participants.
Daly, M., Egan, M., Quigley, J., Delaney, L. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000393 · Cited by 85
Smoking, nicotine dependence and nicotine intake by socio-economic status and marital status
Pennanen, M., Broms, U., Korhonen, T., Haukkala, A., Partonen, T., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Laatikainen, T. K., Patja, K., & Kaprio, J. A. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.005 · Cited by 80
Current smoking is associated with lower seminal vesicles and ejaculate volume, despite higher testosterone levels, in male subjects of infertile couples
Lotti, F., Corona, G., Vitale, P., Maseroli, E., Rossi, M., Fino, M. G., & Maggi, M. (2015) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu347 · Cited by 82
“…finding is in line with previous studies, reporting that smoking has an inverse relationship with socioeconomic status (see Pampel, 2005) and is more concentrated in lower education groups, both in higher(Pampel , 2005; Pampel and Denney, 2011) and lower-income countries (see Hiscock et al., 2012).”
Result
Oral health improvements in Switzerland over 20 years
Schneider, C., Zemp, E., & Zitzmann, N. U. (2017) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/eos.12327 · Cited by 80
“Lower SES (determined according to level of education and/or income) was previously found to be associated with higher body weight (4) and smoking (5).”
Background
Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study
Dobbie, F., Hiscock, R., Leonardi-Bee, J., Murray, S., Shahab, L., Aveyard, P., Coleman, T., McEwen, A., McRobbie, H., Purves, R., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19950 · Cited by 79
Self-citation
How does money influence health?
Benzeval, M., Bond, L. M., Campbell, M., Egan, M., Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M. P., & Popham, F. (2015) · Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) · doi:10.17037/pubs.02167225 · Cited by 78
Proactive tobacco treatment offering free nicotine replacement therapy and telephone counselling for socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers: a randomised clinical trial
Fu, S. S., van Ryn, M., Nelson, D. B., Burgess, D. J., Thomas, J., Saul, J. E., Clothier, B. A., Nyman, J. A., Hammett, P. J., & Joseph, A. M. (2016) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207904 · Cited by 79
Ambient air pollution and low birth weight - are some women more vulnerable than others?
Westergaard, N., Gehring, U., Slama, R., & Pedersen, M. (2017) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.026 · Cited by 79
“Multiple potential explanations have been proposed such as lack of understanding of the harmful e ﬀ ects of smoking, increased exposure to stress and lack of motivation to quit (Hiscock et al., 2012; O'Lenick et al., 2016).”
The role of material, psychosocial and behavioral factors in mediating the association between socioeconomic position and allostatic load (measured by cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory markers)
Robertson, T., Benzeval, M., Whitley, E., & Popham, F. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.005 · Cited by 78
“, 2001) and has been extensively linked with lower SEP (Hiscock et al., 2012).”
Prevalence of drug use, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and measure of socioeconomic-related inequalities of drug use among Iranian people: findings from a national survey
Moradinazar, M., Najafi, F., Jalilian, F., Pasdar, Y., Hamzeh, B., Shakiba, E., Hajizadeh, M., Haghdoost, A. A., Malekzadeh, R., Poustchi, H., et al. (2020) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-020-00279-1 · Cited by 76
Determinants of cigarette smoking among school adolescents in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Reda, A. A., Moges, A., Yazew, B., & Biadgilign, S. (2012) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-9-39 · Cited by 76
Supplemental Retinal Carotenoids Enhance Memory in Healthy Individuals with Low Levels of Macular Pigment in A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Power, R., Coen, R. F., Beatty, S., Mulcahy, R., Moran, R., Stack, J., Howard, A. N., & Nolan, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170713 · Cited by 76
“Importantly, education (a determinant of socioeconomic status), is linearly associated with better health indicators including higher rates of physical activity [7], lower rates of tobacco use [8] and healthier diets [9, 84], and greater consumption of organic foods [85], all of which (while not denying the importance…”
Understanding how perceptions of tobacco constituents and the FDA relate to effective and credible tobacco risk messaging: A national phone survey of U.S. adults, 2014–2015
Boynton, M. H., Agans, R., Bowling, J. M., Brewer, N. T., Sutfin, E. L., Goldstein, A. O., Noar, S. M., & Ribisl, K. M. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3151-5 · Cited by 75
Sociodemographic variation in the oral microbiome
Renson, A., Jones, H. E., Beghini, F., Segata, N., Zolnik, C. P., Usyk, M., Moody, T. U., Thorpe, L. E., Burk, R. D., Waldron, L., et al. (2019) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.03.006 · Cited by 75
“In particular, evidence supports the existence of socioeconomic status disparities in smoking prevalence [49, 50], and effects of smoking on the oral microbiome [51, 52][CITATION PENDING – Beghini 2018 Companion Paper].”
Background
Physical activity, smoking, and the incidence of clinically diagnosed insomnia
Chen, L., Steptoe, A., Chen, Y.-H., Ku, P., & Lin, C. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.040 · Cited by 75
“Smoking prevalence is generally higher among disadvantaged groups [42], and heavy smokers tend to engage in more unhealthy behaviors such as poor dietary choices and inactive and sedentary behaviors [43].”
Socioeconomic position during life and periodontitis in adulthood: a systematic review
Schuch, H. S., Peres, K. G., Singh, A., Peres, M. A., & Do, L. (2016) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12278 · Cited by 75
What Are the Major Determinants in the Success of Smoking Cessation: Results from the Health Examinees Study
Yang, J. J., Song, M., Yoon, H.-S., Lee, H.-W., Lee, Y., Lee, S.-A., Choi, J., Lee, J., & Kang, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143303 · Cited by 75
Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking cessation in 11 European countries from 1987 to 2012
Bosdriesz, J. R., Willemsen, M. C., Stronks, K., & Kunst, A. E. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2014-205171 · Cited by 73
Source Credibility in Tobacco Control Messaging
Schmidt, A. M., Ranney, L. M., Pepper, J. K., & Goldstein, A. O. (2015) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.2.1.3 · Cited by 73
Tobacco smoke exposure disparities persist in U.S. children: NHANES 1999–2014
Merianos, A. L., Jandarov, R., Choi, K., & Mahabee‐Gittens, E. M. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.028 · Cited by 73
Disparities in current cigarette smoking among US adults, 2002–2016
Agaku, I. T., Odani, S., Okuyemi, K. S., & Armour, B. S. (2019) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054948 · Cited by 73
The relation between number of smoking friends, and quit intentions, attempts, and success: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.
Hitchman, S. C., Fong, G. T., Zanna, M. P., Thrasher, J. F., & Laux, F. L. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036483 · Cited by 78
Sociodemographic distribution of non-communicable disease risk factors in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional study
Murphy, G. A. V., Asiki, G., Ekoru, K., Nsubuga, R. N., Nakiyingi‐Miiro, J., Young, E. H., Seeley, J., Sandhu, M. S., & Kamali, A. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt184 · Cited by 72
Behavioural therapy for smoking cessation: the effectiveness of different intervention types for disadvantaged and affluent smokers
Hiscock, R., Murray, S., Brose, L. S., McEwen, A., Bee, J. L., Dobbie, F., & Bauld, L. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.010 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
The Intersection of Food Insecurity and Tobacco Use: A Scoping Review
Kim, J. E., & Pandey, R. (2020) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839919874054 · Cited by 75
“Kim-Mozeleski and Pandey / FOOD INSECURITY AND TOBACCO USE REVIEW 125S have articulated the multitude of factors that are associated with socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking (Hiscock et al., 2012; Pampel, Krueger, & Denney, 2010).”
Background
Changes in Cigarette Consumption With Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes Among Smokers With Psychiatric Conditions or Socioeconomic Disadvantage
Higgins, S. T., Tidey, J. W., Sigmon, S. C., Heil, S. H., Gaalema, D. E., Lee, D., Hughes, J. R., Villanti, A. C., Bunn, J. Y., Davis, D. R., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19311 · Cited by 71
Recent trends in premature mortality and health disparities attributable to ambient PM2.5 exposure in China: 2005–2017
Liu, M., Saari, R. K., Zhou, G., Li, J., Han, L., & Liu, X. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116882 · Cited by 74

Authors: Hiscock, R., Bauld, L., Amos, A., Fidler, J. A., & Munafò, M.
Affiliations: University of Bath (GB)
University of Stirling (GB)
University of Edinburgh (GB)
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Hiscock, Rosemary
ORCID: Hiscock, Rosemary
Bauld, Linda
Amos, Amanda
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-11-17
Volume: 1248
Issue: 1
Pages: 107-123
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x
OpenAlex: W1948861157
Cited by: 1,572
References: 147
Citations by year: 2026: 100 · 2025: 125 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 4.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Cancer Research UK
British Heart Foundation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Keywords: socioeconomic status, smoking, health disparities, tobacco control, smoking cessation, tobacco industry marketing, self-efficacy, tobacco pricing, mass media interventions, disadvantaged groups
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Humans, Poverty, Smoking, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation, Health Status Disparities

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Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review

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