Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To review evidence on the impact of health warning messages on tobacco packages. DATA SOURCES: Articles were identified through electronic databases of published articles, as well as relevant 'grey' literature using the following keywords: health warning, health message, health communication, label and labelling in conjunction with at least one of the following terms: smoking, tobacco, cigarette, product, package and pack. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant articles available prior to January 2011 were screened for six methodological criteria. A total of 94 original original articles met inclusion criteria, including 72 quantitative studies, 16 qualitative studies, 5 studies with both qualitative and qualitative components, and 1 review paper: Canada (n=35), USA (n=29) Australia (n=16), UK (n=13), The Netherlands (n=3), France (n=3), New Zealand (n=3), Mexico (n=3), Brazil (n=2), Belgium (n=1), other European countries (n=10), Norway (n=1), Malaysia (n=1) and China (n=1). RESULTS: The evidence indicates that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and DESIGN: whereas obscure text-only warnings appear to have little impact, prominent health warnings on the face of packages serve as a prominent source of health information for smokers and non-smokers, can increase health knowledge and perceptions of risk and can promote smoking cessation. The evidence also indicates that comprehensive warnings are effective among youth and may help to prevent smoking initiation. Pictorial health warnings that elicit strong emotional reactions are significantly more effective. CONCLUSIONS: Health warnings on packages are among the most direct and prominent means of communicating with smokers. Larger warnings with pictures are significantly more effective than smaller, text-only messages.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The effectiveness of the demand-reduction policies outlined in the FCTC articles has been documented.
“The effectiveness of the demand-reduction policies outlined in the FCTC articles has been documented”
From Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
The Introduction identifies tobacco-package health warnings as an FCTC Article 11 measure, and the Discussion reports evidence that warnings can promote cessation and discourage youth uptake. The paper reviews health warnings, not the effectiveness of the FCTC demand-reduction policies across its articles. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe large body of observational literature examines smokers who have had multiple exposures to warnings on their cigarette packs.
“By contrast, the large body of observational literature examines smokers who have had multiple exposures to warnings on their cigarette packs.8”
From Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A Theory of Psychological Reactance
Torrance, E. P., & Brehm, J. W. (1968) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420824 · Cited by 4,755 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns
Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/109019810002700506 · Cited by 3,216 · see citing works
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
(2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-94186-5_629 · Cited by 2,796 · see citing works
The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General
Office on Smoking (2004) · Cited by 2,414 · see citing works
Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.
Bornstein, R. F. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265 · Cited by 1,970 · see citing works
Findings and Theory in the Study of Fear Communications
Leventhal, H. (1970) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60091-x · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Lewis, M. D., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (2000) · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
Shibuya, K., Ciecierski, C. C., Guindon, G. E., Bettcher, D. W., EVANS, D. B., & Murray, C. J. L. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7407.154 · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
The health consequences of smoking. A report to the Surgeon General: 1971.
Welfare., E. (1971) · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Consumer understanding and use of nutrition labelling: a systematic review
Cowburn, G., & Stockley, L. (2005) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2005666 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Effects of text illustrations: A review of research
Levie, W. H., & Lentz, R. (1982) · ECTJ · doi:10.1007/bf02765184 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
The Persuasion Handbook: Developments in Theory and Practice
Dillard, J. P., & Pfau, M. W. (2002) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976046 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Scary warnings and rational precautions: A review of the psychology of fear appeals
Ruiter, R. A. C., Abraham, C., & Kok, G. (2001) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440108405863 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Division, C. D. (2005) · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., McNeill, A., Borland, R., & Cummings, K. M. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2005.012294 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cigarette pack as image: new evidence from tobacco industry documents
Wakefield, M. A., Morley, C. P., Horan, J. K., & Cummings, K. M. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i73 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Text and Graphic Warnings on Cigarette Packages
Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., Borland, R., Cummings, K. M., McNeill, A., & Driezen, P. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.011 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Self-citationde Wit, J. B. F., Das, E. H. H. J., & Vet, R. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.110 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behaviour
Hammond, D. G., Fong, G. T., McDonald, P., Cameron, R., & Brown, K. S. (2003) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.391 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years
Borland, R., Wilson, N., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Cummings, K. M., Yong, H.-H., Hosking, W., Hastings, G., Thrasher, J. F., & McNeill, A. D. (2009) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2008.028043 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationGraphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: evidence from Canadian smokers
Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., McDonald, P. W., Brown, K. S., & Cameron, R. (2004) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.94.8.1442 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationImagining Can Heighten or Lower the Perceived Likelihood of Contracting a Disease
Sherman, S., Cialdini, R., Schwartzman, D. F., & Reynolds, K. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111011 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Warnings and Risk Communication
(1999) · doi:10.1201/9780203983836 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Borland, R., Yong, H., Wilson, N., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Cummings, K. M., Hosking, W., & McNeill, A. D. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02508.x · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding how Graphic Pictorial Warnings Work on Cigarette Packaging
Kees, J., Burton, S., Andrews, J. C., & Kozup, J. C. (2010) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.29.2.265 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Siahpush, M., McNeill, A. D., Hammond, D. G., & Fong, G. T. (2006) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2005.013276 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels: a social psychological perspective
Strahan, E. J., White, K., Fong, G. T., Fabrigar, L. R., Zanna, M. P., & Cameron, R. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.3.183 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023002003 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
The limitations of fear messages
Hastings, G., & MacFadyen, L. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.1.73 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Reactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages.
O’Hegarty, M., Pederson, L., Nelson, D., Mowery, P., Gable, J., & Wortley, P. (2006) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.01.018 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
WHITE, V. M., Webster, B., & Wakefield, M. A. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02294.x · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Winder, C., Azzi, R., & Wagner, D. (2005) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.05.035 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Peters, E. M., Römer, D., Slovic, P., Jamieson, K. H., Wharfield, L., Mertz, C. K., & Carpenter, S. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701239639 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Recall and Eye Tracking Study of Adolescents Viewing Tobacco Advertisements
Fischer, P. M. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420010094040 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Kees, J., Burton, S., Andrews, J. C., & Kozup, J. C. (2006) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.25.2.212 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Thrasher, J. F., Hammond, D. G., Fong, G. T., & Arillo‐Santillán, E. (2007) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342007000800013 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationInitial impact of the new Australian tobacco health warnings on knowledge and beliefs
Borland, R., & Hill, D. (1997) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.6.4.317 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The use of visual warnings in social marketing: The case of tobacco
Gallopel‐Morvan, K., Gabriel, P., Gall‐Ely, M. L., Rieunier, S., & Urien, B. (2009) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.09.012 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Terry‐McElrath, Y. M., Wakefield, M. A., Ruel, E. E., Balch, G. I., Emery, S., Szczypka, G., Clegg-Smith, K., & Flay, B. R. (2005) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730590915100 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Saying is not (always) doing: cigarette warning labels are useless
Ruiter, R. A. C., & Kok, G. (2005) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki095 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Trends in food label use associated with new nutrition labeling regulations.
Kristal, A. R., Levy, L., Patterson, R. E., Li, S. S., & White, E. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.8.1212 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Adolescents perceived effectiveness of the proposed European graphic tobacco warning labels
Vardavas, C. I., Connolly, G. N., Karamanolis, K., & Kafatos, A. (2009) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp015 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Reid, J. L., Hammond, D. G., & Driezen, P. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03405567 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationGoodall, C. E., & Appiah, O. (2008) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230801967825 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Visual Information for Everyday Use: Design and Research Perspectives
Zwaga, H. J. G., Boersema, T., & Hoonhout, H. C. M. (2009) · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Responses to tobacco control policies among youth
Crawford, M. A., Balch, G. I., Mermelstein, R., & The Tobacco Control Network Writing Group (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.1.14 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The influence of color on warning label perceptions
Braun, C. C., Mine, P. B., & Silver, N. C. (1995) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0169-8141(94)00036-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Fathelrahman, A. I., Omar, M., Awang, R., Borland, R., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., & Zain, Z. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntn029 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationPOP goes the power wall? Taking aim at tobacco promotional strategies utilised at retail
Dewhirst, T. (2004) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2004.009043 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Miller, C. L., Hill, D. J., Quester, P. G., & Hiller, J. E. (2009) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2008.028290 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Kalsher, M. J., Wogalter, M. S., & Racicot, B. M. (1996) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/0169-8141(95)00033-x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Fong, G. T., Hammond, D. G., Jiang, Y., Li, Q., Quah, A. C. K., Driezen, P., Yan, M., & for the ITC China Project Team (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2010.036483 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationWillemsen, M. C. (2005) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki061 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wakefield, M. A., Durrant, R., Terry‐McElrath, Y. M., Ruel, E. E., Balch, G. I., Anderson, S., Szczypka, G., Emery, S., & Flay, B. R. (2003) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_2.ii82 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The effect of plain packages on the perception of cigarette health warnings
Beede, P., & Lawson, R. W. (1992) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/s0033-3506(05)80425-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Slade, J. (1997) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.6.3.169 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Biener, L., & Taylor, T. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.1.75 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Ease of imagination moderates reactions to differently framed health messages
Broemer, P. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.185 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The alcohol warning and adolescents: 5-year effects.
Mackinnon, D. P., Nohre, L., Pentz, M., & Stacy, A. W. (2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.10.1589 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The effect of plain packaging on response to health warnings.
Goldberg, M., Liefeld, J., Madill, J., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1434 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Avoidance of smoking: the impact of warning labels in Brazil
Nascimento, B. E. M., Oliveira, L., Vieira, A. S., Joffily, M., Gleiser, S., Pereira, M. G., Cavalcante, T., & Volchan, E. (2008) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2008.025643 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Impact of Cigarette Warning Labels and Smoke-free Bylaws on Smoking Cessation
Hammond, D. G., McDonald, P., Fong, G. T., Brown, K. S., & Cameron, R. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03403649 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effectiveness of Cigarette Warning Label Threats on Nonsmoking Adolescents
Sabbane, L. I., Lowrey, T. M., & Chebat, J. (2009) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2009.01142.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Do Cigarette Warning Labels Reduce Smoking?
Robinson, T. N. (1997) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400053010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Moodie, C. S., MacKintosh, A. M., & Hammond, D. G. (2009) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp199 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of the new EU health warnings on the Dutch quit line: Figure 1
Willemsen, M. C., Simons, C., & Zeeman, G. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.381 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Devlin, E. (2005) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dah506 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Comparative study of young people’s response to anti-smoking messages
Devlin, E., Eadie, D. R., Stead, M., & Evans, K. (2007) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2007.11072998 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cohen, J. E., Zeller, M., Eissenberg, T., Parascandola, M. J., O’Keefe, R. J., Planinac, L. C., & Leischow, S. J. (2009) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2008.027623 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Design and evaluation of public information symbols
Dewar, R. (1998) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482295375-34 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Callery, W., Hammond, D. G., O’Connor, R. J., et al. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr013 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationWogalter, M. S., Leonard, S. D., & Hajimeotani (1999) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203983836.ch8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Potential Effectiveness of Warning Labels on Cigarette Packages
Koval, J. J., Aubut, J.-A. L., Pederson, L. L., O’Hegarty, M., & Chan, S. S. H. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404031 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
International cigarette labelling practices
Aftab, M., Kolben, D., & Lurie, P. G. (1999) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.8.4.368 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The path to Australia's tobacco health warnings
Borland, R., & Hill, D. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03674.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Perceived Believability Among Adolescents of Health Warning Labels on Cigarette Packs1
Cecil, H., Evans, R. I., & Stanley, M. A. (1996) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb02728.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Health-risk warning labels on smokeless tobacco products: Are they effective?
Brubaker, R. G., & Mitby, S. K. (1990) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90014-o · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Readability of health warnings on alcohol and tobacco products.
Malouff, J. M., Gabrilowitz, D., & Schutte, N. (1992) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.82.3.464-a · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hassan, L. M., Shiu, E. M. K., Thrasher, J. F., Fong, G. T., & Hastings, G. (2007) · International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.328 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wilson, N., Li, J., Hoek, J. A., et al. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Thrasher, J. F., Chaloupka, F. J., Hammond, D. G., et al. (2006) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342006000700019 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal Health Warnings on Tobacco Packaging: Evidence from the Canadian Experiment
Gospodinov, N., & Irvine, I. J. (2004) · Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.2202/1538-0653.1304 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Review of the Effects of the Alcohol Warning Label
Mackinnon, D. (1995) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0233-2_7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sabbane, L. I., Bellavance, F., & Chebat, J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00455.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sweet, K. M., Willis, S. K., Ashida, S., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2003.99.049 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Portillo, F. (2002) · The European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/12.4.295 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Intervention effects on youth tobacco use in the community intervention trial (COMMIT): Table 1
Bowen, D. J., Orlandi, M. A., Lichtenstein, E. H., Cummings, K. M., & Hyland, A. J. (2002) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.382 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cigarette pack warning labels in Russia: how graphic should they be?
Wade, B., Merrill, R. M., & Lindsay, G. B. (2010) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq098 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sattler, B., Lippy, B. E., & Jordan, T. (1997) · USF Scholarship Repository (University of San Francisco) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stark, E. N., Kim, A., Miller, C., et al. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00305.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Donovan, R. J., Jalleh, G., & Carter, O. B. J. (2006) · Social Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15245000600721644 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
New cigarette‐packet warnings: are they getting through?
Hill, D. (1988) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb139579.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Die Effektivität von schriftlichen und graphischen Warnhinweisen auf Zigarettenschachteln
Petersen, L., & Lieder, F. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1024/0044-3514.37.4.245 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
(1985) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/001789698504400419 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Relevance of Health Warnings on Cigarette Packs: A Psycholinguistic Investigation
Gygax, P. M., Bosson, M., Gay, C., & Lambert, F. R. (2010) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.483334 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Petersen, L., & Lieder, F. (2006) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Review on August 12, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.2010.037630 on 23 May 2011. Downloaded from Review on August 12, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/ Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tc.2010.037630 on 23 May 2011. Downloaded from REFERENCES
- Aftab M, Kolben D, Lurie P. International cigarette labeling practices. Tob Control 1999;8:368e72.
- Devlin E, Anderson S, Hastings G, et al. Targeting smokers with tobacco warning labels -opportunities and challenges for Pan European health promotion. Health Promot Int 2005;20:41e9.
- Fong GT, Ratte S, Craig L, et al. E ´valuation des politiques de lutte contre le tabagisme en France: re ´sultats de la premie `re vague de l'enque ˆte ITC France. Evaluating tobacco control policies in France: Results of the first wave of the ITC France Survey. Bulletin E ´pide ´miologique Hebdomadaire (Nume ´ro the ´matiquedJourne ´e mondiale sans tabac 2008. Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin (Special IssuedWorld No Tobacco Day 2008) 2007;22:183e7.
- Kalsher MJ, Wogalter MS, Racicot BM. Pharmaceutical container labels and warnings: Preference and perceived readability of alternative designs and pictorials. Int J Indus Ergon 1996;18:83e90.
- Clemenger BBDO. Marketing Inputs to Assist the Development of Health Warnings for Tobacco Packaging. Report to the Ministry of Health: Review of the Smoke-free Environments Regulations, 2004. http://www.ndp.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexcm/ndp- publications-marketinginputsmay2006 (accessed 13 Jul 2009).
- Hammond D, McDonald PW, Fong GT, et al. Cigarette warning labels, smoking bans, and motivation to quit smoking: evidence from former smokers. Can J Public Health 2004;95:201e4.
- Flay BR, Burton D. In: Atkin C, Wallack L, eds. Mass Communication for Public Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990:129e46.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reitsma, M. B., Kendrick, P. J., Ababneh, E., Abbafati, C., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abdoli, A., Abedi, A., Abhilash, E. S., Abila, D. B., Aboyans, V., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01169-7 · Cited by 1,759 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review
Hiscock, R., Bauld, L., Amos, A., Fidler, J. A., & Munafò, M. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
Noar, S. M., Hall, M. G., Francis, D. B., Ribisl, K. M., Pepper, J. K., & Brewer, N. T. (2016) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Gravely, S., Giovino, G. A., Craig, L., Commar, A., D'Espaignet, E. T., Schotte, K., & Fong, G. T. (2017) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30045-2 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Buse, K., Tanaka, S., & Hawkes, S. (2017) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-017-0255-3 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“been found to have some positive impact on tobacco control [50]) was more likely to occur in those countries that “avoided agreements with the tobacco industry in”
BackgroundMediational pathways of the impact of cigarette warning labels on quit attempts
Yong, H.-H., Borland, R., Thrasher, J. F., Thompson, M. E., Nagelhout, G. E., Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., & Cummings, K. M. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000056 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of front-of-package nutrition labeling on food purchases: A systematic review
An, R., Shi, Y., Shen, J., Bullard, T., Liu, G., Yang, Q., Chen, N., & Cao, L. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.035 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hoffman, S. J., Mammone, J., Rogers Van Katwyk, S., Sritharan, L., Tran, M., Al-Khateeb, S., Grjibovski, A., Gunn, E., Kamali-Anaraki, S., Li, B., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l2231 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Systematic review of the effect of pictorial warnings on cigarette packages in smoking behavior
Monárrez-Espino, J., Liu, B., Greiner, F., Bremberg, S., & Galanti, R. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302129 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Hiilamo, H., & Glantz, S. A. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.054 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Garfin, D. R., Holman, E. A., Fischhoff, B., Wong-Parodi, G., & Silver, R. C. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103059 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
FDA cigarette warning labels lower craving and elicit frontoinsular activation in adolescent smokers
Do, K. T., & Galván, A. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv038 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Predictors of the occurrence of smoking discontinuation in novice adolescent smokers
O'Loughlin, J. L., Sylvestre, M.-P., Dugas, E. N., & Karp, I. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0869 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hammond, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hammond, David
- ORCID
- Hammond, David
- Venue
- Tobacco Control
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2011-05-23
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 327-337
- ISSN
- 0964-4563 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3318
- OpenAlex
- W2100156519
- Cited by
- 1,162
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Tobacco Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Waterloo
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- tobacco packaging, pictorial warnings, text-only warnings, health communication, smoking cessation, smoking initiation prevention, youth, risk perception, health knowledge
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Product Labeling, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Product Packaging, Health Communication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
