Cited by 1,572Smoking Behavior and CessationHealth disparities and outcomesGlobal Cancer Incidence and Screening

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Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review

Hiscock, Rosemary, Bauld, Linda, Amos, Amanda, Fidler, Jennifer A., Munafò, Marcus·2012·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x

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Abstract

Smoking prevalence is higher among disadvantaged groups, and disadvantaged smokers may face higher exposure to tobacco's harms. Uptake may also be higher among those with low socioeconomic status (SES), and quit attempts are less likely to be successful. Studies have suggested that this may be the result of reduced social support for quitting, low motivation to quit, stronger addiction to tobacco, increased likelihood of not completing courses of pharmacotherapy or behavioral support sessions, psychological differences such as lack of self‐efficacy, and tobacco industry marketing. Evidence of interventions that work among lower socioeconomic groups is sparse. Raising the price of tobacco products appears to be the tobacco control intervention with the most potential to reduce health inequalities from tobacco. Targeted cessation programs and mass media interventions can also contribute to reducing inequalities. To tackle the high prevalence of smoking among disadvantaged groups, a combination of tobacco control measures is required, and these should be delivered in conjunction with wider attempts to address inequalities in health.

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Cigarette Smoking Trends Among U.S. Working Adult by Industry and Occupation: Findings From the 2004-2012 National Health Interview Survey
Syamlal, G., Mazurek, J. M., Hendricks, S. A., & Jamal, A. (2014) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu185 · Cited by 52
Neurobiological Determinants of Tobacco Smoking in Schizophrenia
Lucatch, A. M., Lowe, D. J. E., Clark, R. C., Kozak, K., & George, T. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00672 · Cited by 54
Income inequalities in unhealthy life styles in England and Spain
Costa‐Font, J., Hernández‐Quevedo, C., & Jiménez‐Rubio, D. (2013) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2013.03.003 · Cited by 51
“…of income-related inequalities in obesity (Costa-Font and Gil, 2008; Offer et al., 2010; Ljungvall and Gerdtham, 2010; Philipson and Posner, 1999; Costa-Font and Jofre-Bonet, 2013).4 A similar effect is found when socio-economic status and smoking prevalence is examined (Hiscock et al., 2012).”
Background
A qualitative analysis of low income smokers’ responses to tobacco excise tax increases
Hoek, J. A., & Smith, K. (2016) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.08.010 · Cited by 51
The Methodological Quality and Effectiveness of Technology-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions for Disadvantaged Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Boland, V. C., Stockings, E., Mattick, R. P., McRobbie, H. J., Brown, J., & Courtney, R. J. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw391 · Cited by 51
“rigorous trials targeting disadvantaged smokers using technology-based interventions which corroborates the findings of a 2012 review examining socioeconomic status and smoking [13].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
“I’m not strong enough; I’m not good enough. I can’t do this, I’m failing”: a qualitative study of low-socioeconomic status smokers’ experiences with accessing cessation support and the role for alternative technology-based support
Boland, V. C., Mattick, R. P., McRobbie, H. J., Siahpush, M., & Courtney, R. J. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0689-5 · Cited by 51
“Lower rates of cessation among disadvantaged groups have been linked to poor treatment adherence [4, 49, 50].”
Background
Predictors of cessation in African American light smokers enrolled in a bupropion clinical trial
Faseru, B., Nollen, N. L., Mayo, M. S., Krebill, R., Choi, W. S., Benowitz, N. L., Tyndale, R. F., Okuyemi, K. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., & Cox, L. S. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.010 · Cited by 50
Clustering of behavioural risk factors for health in UK adults in 2016: a cross-sectional survey
Birch, J. M., Petty, R., Hooper, L., Bauld, L., Rosenberg, G. K., & Vohra, J. (2018) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdy144 · Cited by 50
“43,44 Cases from clusters 2 – 5 were more likely to be male, and generally had an age pro ﬁ le indicative of being at least in mid-life.”
Self-citation
A pilot randomised trial to assess the methods and procedures for evaluating the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Exercise Assisted Reduction then Stop (EARS) among disadvantaged smokers
Taylor, A. H., Thompson, T., Greaves, C. J., Taylor, R. S., Green, C., Warren, F. C., Kandiyali, R., Aveyard, P. N., Ayres, R., Byng, R., et al. (2014) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta18040 · Cited by 53
The Effectiveness of Cigarette Price and Smoke-Free Homes on Low-Income Smokers in the United States
Vijayaraghavan, M., Messer, K. S., White, M. M., & Pierce, J. P. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301300 · Cited by 49
Factors associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption as a coping strategy to deal with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and lockdown in Spain
Martínez-Cao, C., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., Menéndez-Miranda, I., Velasco, Á., Madera, P. Z., García-Álvarez, L., Sáiz, P. A., García‐Portilla, M. P., & Bobes, J. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107003 · Cited by 49
Quitting activity and use of cessation assistance reported by smokers in eight European countries: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys
Hummel, K., Nagelhout, G. E., Fong, G. T., Vardavas, C. I., Papadakis, S., Herbeć, A., Mons, U., van den Putte, B., Borland, R., Fernández, E., et al. (2018) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/98912 · Cited by 48
Genetic Risk for Smoking: Disentangling Interplay Between Genes and Socioeconomic Status
Pasman, J. A., Demange, P. A., Guloksuz, S., Willemsen, A. H. M., Abdellaoui, A., ten Have, M., Hottenga, J.-J., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E., Bartels, M., et al. (2022) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-021-10094-4 · Cited by 41
“Characteristics related to socioeconomic status (SES), with educational attainment (EA) as its core component, are important predictors for smoking (Hiscock et al. 2012).”
Background
Food Insecurity, Cigarette Smoking, and Acculturation Among Latinos: Data From NHANES 1999–2008
Iglesias-Ríos, L., Bromberg, J. E., Moser, R. P., & Augustson, E. M. (2013) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9957-7 · Cited by 47
“Poverty encompasses different aspects of social and economic deprivation that are strongly associated with both FI [1, 2, 6] and smoking [20, 21].”
Depression among current, former, and never smokers from 2005 to 2013: The hidden role of disparities in depression in the ongoing tobacco epidemic
Goodwin, R. D., Wall, M. M., Garey, L., Zvolensky, M. J., Dierker, L., Galea, S., Gbedemah, M., Weinberger, A. H., Williams, J. M., Hu, M., et al. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.038 · Cited by 49
“Lower income smokers tend to have greater challenges in quitting and lower quit success rates relative to smokers from higher income brackets (Hiscock et al., 2012), though this is also somewhat counterintuitive given the high and increasing price of cigarettes resulting from tobacco control efforts.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Income as a moderator of psychological stress and nicotine dependence among adult smokers
Hobkirk, A. L., Krebs, N. M., & Muscat, J. E. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.021 · Cited by 47
“Participants were only required to smoke at least 1 cigarette per day for the past year to accommodate low income volunteers who may smoke a low number of cigarettes due to financial constraints, but continue to have high levels of dependence and smoking-related health problems (27).”
Background
Somatic growth in the first six months of life of infants exposed to maternal smoking in pregnancy
de Brito, M. L., Nunes, M., Bernardi, J. R., Bosa, V. L., Goldani, M. Z., & da Silva, C. H. (2017) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0819-7 · Cited by 46
“About scholar education in our study, pregnant women of tobacco group had less education, a result similar to other studies [28].”
Result
Food insecurity among veterans: Findings from the health and retirement study
Brostow, D. P., Gunzburger, E. C., & Thomas, K. S. (2017) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0910-7 · Cited by 46
“Consistent with previous literature indicating that tobacco use is inversely associated with income (27), our results suggest that food insecure Veterans were significantly more likely to be current smokers than their food secure counterparts.”
Mining social media data for opinion polarities about electronic cigarettes
Dai, H. D., & Hao, J. (2016) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052818 · Cited by 45
Availability and Use of Cheap Tobacco in the United Kingdom 2002–2014: Findings From the International Tobacco Control Project
Partos, T., Gilmore, A., Hitchman, S. C., Hiscock, R., Branston, J. R., & McNeill, A. D. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx108 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Tobacco Smoke Exposure Association With Lipid Profiles and Adiposity Among U.S. Adolescents
Merianos, A. L., Jandarov, R., Khoury, J. C., & Mahabee‐Gittens, E. M. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.001 · Cited by 46
“As income level increased, rates of active TSE and passive TSE decreased, which parallels prior literature [33].”
Result
Mental health service user and staff perspectives on tobacco addiction and smoking cessation: A meta‐synthesis of published qualitative studies
Malone, V., Harrison, R., & Daker‐White, G. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12458 · Cited by 46
Tobacco Use Among Transgender and Gender Non-conforming Adults in the United States
Wheldon, C., & Wiseman, K. P. (2019) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x19849419 · Cited by 42
Prevalence of tobacco smoking and electronic cigarette use among adolescents in Italy: Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS), 2010, 2014, 2018
Gorini, G., Gallus, S., Carreras, G., Mei, B. D., Masocco, M., Faggiano, F., Charrier, L., Cavallo, F., Spizzichino, L., Galeone, D., et al. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105903 · Cited by 45
“(SES) indicator.[18] Statistical analysis was conducted computing prevalence of ever or current smokers, and youth access to tobacco cigarettes recorded i the three surveys; prevalence of ever or current exclusive”
Method
Individual Capital Structure and Health Behaviors among Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Bourdieu’s Theory of Capitals
Xu, P., & Jiang, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207369 · Cited by 44
“For example, empirical evidence has shown that individuals with more income tend to smoke less [27], have lower probability of alcohol abuse [28], and enjoy a higher health-related quality of life [29].”
BackgroundResult
Incidence and familial risk of premature ovarian insufficiency in the Finnish female population
Silvén, H., Savukoski, S. M., Pesonen, P., Pukkala, ., Gissler, M., Suvanto, E. T. J., & Niinimäki, M. J. (2022) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deac014 · Cited by 44
“For example, smoking is more common in lower socioeconomic groups (Laaksonen et al. , 2005; Hiscock et al. , 2011), and it is also associated with the menopausal transition at an earlier age (Whitcomb et al. , 2018).”
The contribution of smoking and smokeless tobacco to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in the African oesophageal cancer corridor: Results from the ESCCAPE multicentre case‐control studies
Simba, H., Menya, D., Mmbaga, B. T., Dzamalala, C. P., Finch, P., Mlombe, Y. B., Mremi, A., Narh, C. T., Schüz, J., & McCormack, V. (2023) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.34458 · Cited by 44
Perceptions of friendship, peers and influence on adolescent smoking according to tobacco control context: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research
Littlecott, H., Moore, G. F., Evans, R., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., McCann, M., Reed, H., Mann, M. K., Dobbie, F., Jennings, S., Donaldson, C., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14727-z · Cited by 65
“For example, adolescent smoking has been found to be associated with intrapersonal characteristics such as individual level socioeconomic status [2], self-esteem [3] and the construction of ‘cool’ and ‘popular’ identities [4].”
Background
Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Lung Cancer Risk in Non-Hispanic Whites
Melkonian, S. C., Daniel, C. R., Ye, Y., Pierzynski, J. A., Roth, J. A., & Wu, X. (2016) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0765 · Cited by 44
“Socioeconomic status is also closely linked with smokingbehavior (47), therefore the associations betweenGI and lung cancer risk in individuals with less than 12 years of formal education may represent the joint impact of low diet quality and smoking on lung cancer risk.”
Background
Smoking on the margins: a comprehensive analysis of a municipal outdoor smoke-free policy
Pederson, A., Okoli, C. T. C., Hemsing, N., O’Leary, R., Wiggins, A. T., Rice, W., Bottorff, J. L., & Greaves, L. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3466-2 · Cited by 44
“Several studies have further established that lower socioeconomic status (SES) is significantly predicts poor smoking cessation [31].”
Background
Frequent physical activity is associated with reduced risk of severe diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes
the FinnDiane Study Group, Tikkanen-Dolenc, H., Wadén, J., Forsblom, C., Harjutsalo, V., Thorn, L. M., Saraheimo, M., Elonen, N., Hietala, K., Summanen, P., et al. (2020) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-019-01454-y · Cited by 43
Evaluating tobacco industry ‘transformation’: a proposed rubric and analysis
Edwards, R., Hoek, J. A., Karreman, N., & Gilmore, A. (2022) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056687 · Cited by 48
Socioeconomic variations in access to smoking cessation interventions in UK primary care: insights using the Mosaic classification in a large dataset of primary care records
Douglas, L., & Szatkowski, L. C. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-546 · Cited by 43
“high in more socially deprived groups [3,4].”
Programs to Increase High School Completion
Hahn, R. A., Knopf, J. A., Wilson, S. J., Truman, B. I., Milstein, B., Johnson, R. L., Fielding, J. E., Muntaner, C., Jones, C. P., Fullilove, M. T., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.12.005 · Cited by 43
Understanding adherence to medications in type 2 diabetes care and clinical trials to overcome barriers: a narrative review
Tiktin, M., Çelik, S. G., & Berard, L. (2015) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2015.1119677 · Cited by 43
Reintegrating contexts into quantitative intersectional analyses of health inequalities
Evans, C. R. (2019) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102214 · Cited by 46
Socio-economic patterning of tobacco use in Indian states
Agrawal, S., Karan, A., Selvaraj, S., Bhan, N., Subramanian, S. V., & Millett, C. J. (2013) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.12.0916 · Cited by 43
Combined Effect of Healthy Lifestyle Factors and Risks of Colorectal Adenoma, Colorectal Cancer, and Colorectal Cancer Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yu, J., Feng, Q., Kim, J. H., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.827019 · Cited by 42
Cultural capital and smoking in young adults: applying new indicators to explore social inequalities in health behaviour
Gagné, T., Frohlich, K. L., & Abel, T. (2015) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv069 · Cited by 42
“37 have argued that a lack of interest in (i.e. values) and understanding of harm (i.e. knowledge) associated with tobacco were significant mechanisms encouraging smoking among low SES individuals.”
Background
The Utility of Operant Conditioning to Address Poverty and Drug Addiction
Silverman, K., Holtyn, A. F., & Toegel, F. (2019) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00203-4 · Cited by 42
Prevalence and determinants of non-communicable diseases risk factors among reproductive aged women of Nepal: Results from Nepal Demographic Health Survey 2016
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Authors: Hiscock, R., Bauld, L., Amos, A., Fidler, J. A., & Munafò, M.
Affiliations: University of Bath (GB)
University of Stirling (GB)
University of Edinburgh (GB)
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Hiscock, Rosemary
ORCID: Hiscock, Rosemary
Bauld, Linda
Amos, Amanda
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-11-17
Volume: 1248
Issue: 1
Pages: 107-123
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x
OpenAlex: W1948861157
Cited by: 1,572
References: 147
Citations by year: 2026: 100 · 2025: 125 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 4.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (publishedVersion)
Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Cancer Research UK
British Heart Foundation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Keywords: socioeconomic status, smoking, health disparities, tobacco control, smoking cessation, tobacco industry marketing, self-efficacy, tobacco pricing, mass media interventions, disadvantaged groups
MeSH terms: Smoking Prevention, Humans, Poverty, Smoking, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation, Health Status Disparities

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Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review

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