Physical activity, food intake, and body weight regulation: insights from doubly labeled water studies
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Body weight and energy balance can be maintained by adapting energy intake to changes in energy expenditure and vice versa, whereas short-term changes in energy expenditure are mainly caused by physical activity. This review investigates whether physical activity is affected by over- and undereating, whether intake is affected by an increase or a decrease in physical activity, and whether being overweight affects physical activity. The available evidence is based largely on studies that quantified physical activity with doubly labeled water. Overeating does not affect physical activity, while undereating decreases habitual or voluntary physical activity. Thus, it is easier to gain weight than to lose weight. An exercise-induced increase in energy requirement is typically compensated by increased energy intake, while a change to a more sedentary routine does not induce an equivalent reduction of intake and generally results in weight gain. Overweight and obese subjects tend to have similar activity energy expenditures to lean people despite being more sedentary. There are two ways in which the general population trend towards increasing body weight can be reversed: reduce intake or increase physical activity. The results of the present literature review indicate that eating less is the most effective method for preventing weight gain, despite the potential for a negative effect on physical activity when a negative energy balance is reached.
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DLW estimates of energy expenditure determined between 1988 and 2006 did not significantly differ.
“Indeed, DLW estimates of energy expenditure determined between 1988 (555) and 2006 (554) did not significantly differ.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [554]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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- Authors
- Westerterp, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Westerterp, Klaas R
- ORCID
- Westerterp, Klaas R
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 148-154
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-4887
- OpenAlex
- W2117429087
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, energy balance, body weight regulation, dietary intake, energy expenditure, overeating, undereating, weight gain, obesity, overweight, sedentary behavior, doubly labeled water
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight, Energy Intake, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Exercise, Overweight
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