Early childhood growth failure and the developmental origins of adult disease: do enteric infections and malnutrition increase risk for the metabolic syndrome?
Open accessAbstract
Hypotheses regarding the developmental origins of health and disease postulate that developing fetuses - and potentially young children - undergo adaptive epigenetic changes that have longstanding effects on metabolism and other processes. Ongoing research explores whether these adaptations occur during early life following early childhood malnutrition. In the developing world, there remains a high degree of nutritional stunting, defined as linear growth failure caused by inadequate caloric intake, which may be exacerbated by inflammation from ongoing infections. In areas with poor sanitation, children experience vicious cycles of enteric infections and malnutrition, resulting in poor nutrient absorption as a result of changes in the intestinal mucosa, now termed "environmental enteropathy." Emerging evidence links early childhood diarrhea and/or growth failure with an increased occurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in later life, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. The mechanisms for these associations remain poorly understood and may relate to epigenetic responses to poor nutrition, increased inflammation, or both. Given the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in developing areas of the world, associations between childhood malnutrition, early-life infections, and the increased occurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease underscore further reasons to improve nutrition and infection-related outcomes for young children worldwide.
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Growth failure and changes in the timing and tempo of puberty are linked to later health issues such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.
“growth failure and alterations in pubertal onset and tempo are associated with later health problems including obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.1–9”
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Growth Trajectories of Refugee and Nonrefugee Children in the United States
Dawson-Hahn, E., Pak-Gorstein, S., Matheson, J., Zhou, C., Yun, K., Scott, K., Payton, C., Stein, E., Holland, A., Grow, H. M., et al. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0953 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- DeBoer, M. D., Lima, A. A., Oría, R. B., Scharf, R. J., Moore, S. R., Luna, M. A., & Guerrant, R. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-10-30
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 642-653
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3493112
- OpenAlex
- W2158886196
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Fogarty International Center (K02TW008767)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K08HD060739)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- developmental origins of health and disease, metabolic syndrome, child malnutrition, gastrointestinal infections, environmental enteropathy, epigenetic adaptation, inflammation, cardiovascular risk factors, dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, intestinal mucosa
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea, Failure to Thrive, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intestinal Absorption, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child Nutrition Disorders, Metabolic Syndrome, Epigenesis, Genetic
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