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Cited by 2,468Birth, Development, and HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsGestational Diabetes Research and Management

Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth

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Barker, D. J. P., Hales, C. N., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Phipps, K., Clark, P. M. S.·1993·Diabetologia
DOI 10.1007/bf00399095
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Abstract

Two follow-up studies were carried out to determine whether lower birthweight is related to the occurrence of syndrome X-Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. The first study included 407 men born in Hertfordshire, England between 1920 and 1930 whose weights at birth and at 1 year of age had been recorded by health visitors. The second study included 266 men and women born in Preston, UK, between 1935 and 1943 whose size at birth had been measured in detail. The prevalence of syndrome X fell progressively in both men and women, from those who had the lowest to those who had the highest birthweights. Of 64-year-old men whose birthweights were 2.95 kg (6.5 pounds) or less, 22% had syndrome X. Their risk of developing syndrome X was more than 10 times greater than that of men whose birthweights were more than 4.31 kg (9.5 pounds). The association between syndrome X and low birthweight was independent of duration of gestation and of possible confounding variables including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and social class currently or at birth. In addition to low birthweight, subjects with syndrome X had small head circumference and low ponderal index at birth, and low weight and below-average dental eruption at 1 year of age. It is concluded that Type 2 diabetes and hypertension have a common origin in sub-optimal development in utero, and that syndrome X should perhaps be re-named "the small-baby syndrome".

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  • Because at-risk groups of adolescent girls more often have LBW babies and babies born prematurely or suffering neonatal death, survivors will have elevated risks for chronic conditions, including hypertension over the life span, early-onset renal disease, type 2 diabetes, mental disorders, and many other chronic conditions.

    “Because at-risk groups of adolescent girls more often have LBW babies and babies born prematurely or suffering neonatal death, 53,54 survivors will have elevated risks for chronic conditions, including hypertension over the life span, 55 early-onset renal disease, 56 type 2 diabetes, 57 mental disorders, 58 and many other chronic conditions.59”

    From Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs (2017) · cites this paper as [56]

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  • PTB has long-term implications, given that the newborn survives infancy with an increased risk of non-communicable disease in adulthood, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

    “PTB has long-term implications, given that the newborn survives infancy with an increased risk of non-communicable disease in adulthood, including both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes 33, 34.”

    From Trends and birth outcomes in adolescent refugees and migrants on the Thailand-Myanmar border, 1986-2016: an observational study (2018) · cites this paper as [33]

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Authors
Barker, D. J. P., Hales, C. N., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Phipps, K., & Clark, P. M. S.
Affiliations
  • Southampton General Hospital (GB)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Diabetologia
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1993-01
Volume
36
Issue
1
Pages
62-67
ISSN
  • 0012-186X (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0428
DOI
10.1007/bf00399095
OpenAlex
W2015838103
Cited by
2,468
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 86 · 2015: 86 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 121
FWCI
42.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Diabetologia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Eli Lilly and Company
  • British Heart Foundation
  • Dunhill Medical Trust
  • Wessex Medical Research
  • Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Keywords
metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, prenatal development, head circumference, ponderal index, tooth eruption, birth cohort follow-up
MeSH terms
Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, England, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Insulin, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Proinsulin, Risk Factors, Social Class, Syndrome, Prevalence

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