The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of Acute Posttrauma Propranolol on PTSD Outcome and Physiological Responses During Script‐Driven Imagery
Open accessAbstract
SUMMARY: Introduction: Animal and human research suggests that the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may involve the overconsolidation of memories of a traumatic experience. Previous studies have attempted to use pharmaceutical agents, especially the β‐adrenergic blocker propranolol, to reduce this overconsolidation. Aims: In this randomized, placebo‐controlled study of the efficacy of propranolol in reducing the development of PTSD, we optimized dosages and conducted both psychophysiological and clinical assessments 1 and 3 months after the traumatic event. Forty‐one emergency department patients who had experienced a qualifying acute psychological trauma were randomized to receive up to 240 mg/day of propranolol or placebo for 19 days. At 4 and 12 weeks post‐trauma, PTSD symptoms were assessed. One week later, participants engaged in script‐driven imagery of their traumatic event while psychophysiological responses were measured. Results: Physiological reactivity during script‐driven traumatic imagery, severity of PTSD symptoms, and the rate of the PTSD diagnostic outcome were not significantly different between the two groups. However, post hoc subgroup analyses showed that in participants with high drug adherence, at the 5‐week posttrauma assessment, physiological reactivity was significantly lower during script‐driven imagery in the propranolol than in the placebo subjects. Conclusions: The physiological results provide some limited support for a model of PTSD in which a traumatic conditioned response is reduced by posttrauma propranolol. However, the clinical results from this study do not support the preventive use of propranolol in the acute aftermath of a traumatic event.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Another study suggests that propranolol given within hours of a psychologically traumatic event reduces physiological responses during subsequent mental imagery of the event.19”
From Resolution of flashbacks of PTSD with propranolol: A case report (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol), a class of compounds that are antagonists of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, inhibit the action of norepinephrine and epinephrine at these sites and have shown promise in both animal models and humans when administered during the acute phase of trauma, however, results have been mixed (Cahill et al., 1994; Vaiva et al., 2003; Hoge et al., 2012; Bailey et al., 2”
From Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging (2015) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Pharmacologically, prolonged administration of the beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol early after trauma did not result in fewer PTSD symptoms [13,14].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“although it does not prevent overall PTSD 69,70 .”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [70]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
β-Adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events
Cahill, L., Prins, B., Weber, M., & McGaugh, J. L. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/371702a0 · Cited by 1,271
Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Rose, S. C., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Wessely, S. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000560 · Cited by 1,250
Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol
Pitman, R. K., Sanders, K. M., Zusman, R. M., Healy, A. R., Cheema, F., Lasko, N. B., Cahill, L., & Orr, S. P. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01279-3 · Cited by 964
Self-citationPsychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans
Pitman, R. K. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800230050009 · Cited by 758
Self-citationThe Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: A Proposed Measure of PTSD Criterion A2
Brunet, A., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Neylan, T. C., Rogers, C. E., Fagan, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1480 · Cited by 605
Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Southwick, S. M., Bremner, J. D., Rasmusson, A., Morgan, C. A., Arnsten, A., & Charney, D. S. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00219-x · Cited by 573
Immediate treatment with propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress disorder two months after trauma
Vaiva, G., Ducrocq, F., Jezequel, K., Averland, B., Lestavel, P., Brunet, A., & Marmar, C. R. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00412-8 · Cited by 499
Post-traumatic stress disorder, hormones, and memory.
Pitman, R. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90033-4 · Cited by 447
Self-citationMorphine use after combat injury in Iraq and post-traumatic stress disorder
Holbrook, T. L., Galarneau, M. R., Dye, J. L., Quinn, K., & Dougherty, A. L. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0903326 · Cited by 429
Wessely, S. C., Rose, S. K., & Bisson, J. I. (2000) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 264
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder
Pitman, R. K., Rasmusson, A. M., Koenen, K. C., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Gilbertson, M. W., Milad, M. R., & Liberzon, I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3339 · Cited by 1,529
Self-citationPost‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges
Bryant, R. A. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20656 · Cited by 528
Emotion and cognition interactions in PTSD: a review of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies
Hayes, J. P., VanElzakker, M. B., & Shin, L. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00089 · Cited by 393
“Consistent with this notion, patients with PTSD are less satisfied with rewards than controls (Hopper et al., 2008) and expend less effort to obtain positive rewards (Elman et al., 2005).”
BackgroundEARLY INTERVENTIONS FOR PTSD: A REVIEW: Review: Early Intervention
Kearns, M. C., Ressler, K. J., Zatzick, D., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21997 · Cited by 310
“to placebo and failed to identify any decrease in PTSD diagnoses or severity 3 months after the initial trauma.[46] These negative findings on propranolol are likely to lead researchers to look toward other preventative strategies in future work.”
BackgroundZoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024 · Cited by 339
“…noradrenergic and SNS in traumatized people, which has led to novel pharmacological-based strategies in the treatment of PTSD (Brunet et al., 2011; Hoge et al., 2012; van Stegeren, 2008; Pitman and Delahanty, 2005; Schelling, 2002; Miller, 2008; Boehnlein and Kinzie, 2007; Raskind et al., 2007).”
Rothbaum, B. O., Kearns, M. C., Price, M., Malcoun, E., Davis, M., Ressler, K. J., Lang, D., & Houry, D. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.002 · Cited by 305
“(8) found no benefit of ropranolol over placebo.”
BackgroundSleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9 · Cited by 255
“As in the pursuit of enhanced extinction, a sleep component might be added to pharmacological interventions designed to impede reconsolidation of aversive memory such as blockade of noradrenergic transmission [262, 263].”
BackgroundSartori, S. B., & Singewald, N. (2019) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402 · Cited by 236
Lonergan, M. H., Olivera-Figueroa, L. A., Pitman, R. K., & Brunet, A. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.120111 · Cited by 237
“experiment 1 Emotional slide story 11:13 100 [19–36] 40 mg 65 min before encoding % free recall story phase 2”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPosttraumatic Stress Disorder: Overview of Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment
Lancaster, C. L., Teeters, J. B., Gros, D., & Back, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm5110105 · Cited by 225
“Although some evidence suggests that this technique reduces emotional reactivity to the trauma memory [95], findings in this newer area of research are very preliminary and somewhat conflicted [39].”
BackgroundPrevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Trauma: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Qi, W., Gevonden, M. J., & Shalev, A. Y. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0655-0 · Cited by 209
“After a negative Cochrane review was first published in 1997, most treatment guidelines have been updated to recommend against providing single session psychological debriefing on a routine basis for adults after trauma [32, 33].”
Memory editing from science fiction to clinical practice
Phelps, E. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1433-7 · Cited by 170
A ghrelin-growth hormone axis drives stress-induced vulnerability to enhanced fear
Meyer, R. M., Burgos-Robles, A., Liu, E., Correia, S. S., & Goosens, K. A. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.135 · Cited by 169
“Interestingly, this is consistent with the limited clinical benefit of pharmacological manipulations targeting adrenal hormone signaling in PTSD patients (12, 40).”
BackgroundO'Dell, T. J., Connor, S. A., Guglietta, R., & Nguyen, P. V. (2015) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.031088.113 · Cited by 163
“Other studies, however, found little, if any, therapeutic benefit of propranolol treatment in trauma patients (Stein et al. 2007; McGhee et al. 2009; Hoge et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMorris, M. C., Hellman, N. M., Abelson, J. L., & Rao, U. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.001 · Cited by 160
“, 2015), even though some studies administered it within the consolidation window (Hoge et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodMnemic neglect: Selective amnesia of one’s faults
Sedikides, C., Green, J. D., Saunders, J., Skowronski, J. J., & Zengel, B. U. (2016) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1183913 · Cited by 144
“Experimental tests of the beta-blocker, propranolol, which reduces the production of stress hormones, have been promising (Hoge et al., 2012; Lonergan, Olivera-Figueroa, Pitman, & Brunet, 2013).”
BackgroundThe neurobiological correlates of childhood adversity and implications for treatment
Tyrka, A. R., Burgers, D. E., Philip, N. S., Price, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12143 · Cited by 142
“received only limited support as a preventative treatment for the development of PTSD (86).”
BackgroundPTSD as a Public Mental Health Priority
Watson, P. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1032-1 · Cited by 160
Sijbrandij, M., Kleiboer, A., Bisson, J. I., Barbui, C., & Cuijpers, P. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00121-7 · Cited by 136
Wright, L. A., Sijbrandij, M., Sinnerton, R. J. H., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., & Bisson, J. I. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0673-5 · Cited by 144
Animal models in translational studies of PTSD
Daskalakis, N. P., Yehuda, R., & Diamond, D. M. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.006 · Cited by 127
“…effectiveness of propranolol, a b-adrenergic receptor antagonist, to reduce a subset of symptoms of PTSD when administered after a traumatic event or with re-experiencing a traumatic memory (Pitman et al., 2002; Taylor and Raskind, 2002; Vaiva et al., 2003; Brunet et al., 2011; Hoge et al., 2012).”
Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging
Williamson, J. B., Porges, E. C., Lamb, D. G., & Porges, S. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01571 · Cited by 116
“C. (2007). Genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: review and”
BackgroundInfluentialGazarini, L., Stern, C. A. J., Piornedo, R. R., Takahashi, R. N., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu026 · Cited by 104
“Of note, the latter argument may also explain, at least in part, the divergent results reported by studies investigating the efficacy of potential reconsolidation blockers (Pitman et al., 2002; Vaiva et al., 2003; Stein et al., 2007; Muravieva and Alberini, 2010; Debiec et al., 2011; Hoge et al., 2012; Soeter and Kind…”
BackgroundResultPrevention of trauma and stressor-related disorders: A review
Howlett, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.261 · Cited by 102
“In two studies, propranolol was compared with placebo (Hoge et al, 2012; Pitman et al, 2002), and in another study propranolol was compared with both placebo and gabapentin (Stein et al, 2007).”
ResultThe Current Evidence for Acute Stress Disorder
Bryant, R. A. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0976-x · Cited by 114
Preventing Psychological Disorders in Service Members and Their Families: An Assessment of Programs
Denning, L., Meisnere, M., & Warner, K. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00360 · Cited by 100
“Furthermore, a follow-up randomized controlled trial by the same group (Hoge et al., 2012) with propranolol dose maximized up to 240 mg/day for 19 days failed to find a significant difference in PTSD diagnosis, symptoms, or physiologic reactivity at 4 and 12 weeks post-trauma, and the authors concluded that propranolo…”
BackgroundAstill Wright, L., Horstmann, L., Holmes, E. A., & Bisson, J. I. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01570-w · Cited by 97
Bailey, C. R., Cordell, E., Sobin, S. M., & Neumeister, A. (2013) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0051-4 · Cited by 89
“Clinical evidence has shown a similar trend regarding propranolol as a PTSD prophylactic [44, 45] with several contrary findings [46, 47].”
ResultPreventing the onset of post traumatic stress disorder
Bisson, J. I., Wright, L. A., Jones, K. A., Lewis, C., Phelps, A. J., Sijbrandij, M., Varker, T., & Roberts, N. P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102004 · Cited by 85
Liberzon, I., King, A. P. J., Ressler, K. J., Almli, L. M., Zhang, P., Ma, S. T., Cohen, G. H., Tamburrino, M., Calabrese, J. R., & Galea, S. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.999 · Cited by 88
Ulirsch, J. C., Ballina, L. E., Soward, A. C. M., Rossi, C., Hauda, W. E., Holbrook, D. S., Wheeler, R., Foley, K. A., Batts, J., Collette, R., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00395.x · Cited by 86
Frijling, J. L. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1302652 · Cited by 95
Langley, A., & Pope, E. (2014) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.13379 · Cited by 78
Zoladz, P. R., Fleshner, M., & Diamond, D. M. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.01.001 · Cited by 79
“…for the use of propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, to reduce a subset of symptoms of PTSD when administered after a traumatic event or with re-experiencing a traumatic memory (Brunet et al., 2011; Hoge et al., 2012; Pitman et al., 2002; Taylor and Raskind, 2002; Vaiva et al., 2003).”
Pharmacological interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Amos, T., Stein, D. J., & Ipser, J. C. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006239.pub2 · Cited by 169
Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Schechter, C. B., Singh, R., Cancelmo, L. M., Bromet, E. J., Katz, C. L., Reissman, D. B., Özbay, F., Sharma, V., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002924 · Cited by 71
“For example, treatments that target heightened arousal, such as beta-adrenergic blockers (Vaiva et al. 2003; Hoge et al. 2012) and cognitive–behavioral therapies (Rabe et al.”
BackgroundTreatment-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder (TRPTSD): a review and framework for the future
Koek, R. J., Schwartz, H. N., Scully, S., Langevin, J., Spangler, S. L., Korotinsky, A., Jou, K., & Leuchter, A. F. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.015 · Cited by 74
An Evidence-Based Review of Early Intervention and Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Birur, B., Moore, N. C., & Davis, L. L. (2016) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-016-0047-x · Cited by 69
“Propranolol non-selectively antagonizes beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, and administration within hours after trauma may lessen the development of PTSD, through its influence on memory consolidation and reconsolidation (Debiec et al. 2011; Hoge et al. 2012).”
BackgroundBukalo, O., Pinard, C. R., & Holmes, A. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12779 · Cited by 73
“…in this regard, treatment with propranolol has been proposed as a potential exposure-adjunct and prophylactic treatment for PTSD when given soon after trauma, but has received limited or discouraging clinical support (Orr et al., 2006; Bos et al., 2012; Hoge et al., 2012; Soeter and Kindt, 2012).”
BackgroundMaddox, S. A., Watts, C. S., Doyère, V., & Schafe, G. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054463 · Cited by 67
“PTSD in humans has yielded mixed results [35–39].”
ResultMemory as a new therapeutic target
Nader, K., Hardt, O. M., & Lanius, R. A. (2013) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2013.15.4/knader · Cited by 67
Frijling, J. L., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B., Nawijn, L., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Bakker, F. C., Denys, D., et al. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-92 · Cited by 59
“Pharmacologically, prolonged administration of the beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol early after trauma did not result in fewer PTSD symptoms [13,14].”
BackgroundPharmacological treatment of comorbid PTSD and substance use disorder: Recent progress
Sofuoglu, M., Rosenheck, R. A., & Petrakis, I. L. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.014 · Cited by 62
“, 2010), although some results have not been positive (Hoge et al., 2012).”
ResultVisser, R. M., Kunze, A. E., Westhoff, B., Scholte, H. S., & Kindt, M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.021 · Cited by 52
“These interventions are, however, not always effective (Cohen et al., 2011; Hoge et al., 2012; Stein et al., 2007) and require that people have access to treatment within a few hours after the trauma.”
BackgroundPrevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol: A meta-analytic review
Argolo, F. C., Cavalcanti-Ribeiro, P., Netto, L. R., & Quarantini, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.04.006 · Cited by 53
Neural patterns differentiate traumatic from sad autobiographical memories in PTSD
Perl, O., Duek, O. A., Kulkarni, K. R., Kelmendi, B., Amen, S. L., Gordon, C., Krystal, J. H., Levy, I., Harpaz‐Rotem, I., & Schiller, D. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01483-5 · Cited by 61
“We used the Sinha method—a previously established, script-driven imagery, development method of autobiographical events, which has been developed as a way to personalize stimuli that induce traumatic imagery and has been widely used as a method of memory reactivation in PTSD research 66–70 .”
MethodTargeting memory processes with drugs to prevent or cure PTSD
Cain, C. K., Maynard, G. D., & Kehne, J. H. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.2012.704020 · Cited by 50
“A recent study found that propranolol given within 12 h of trauma and continued for 19 days failed to improve clinical outcomes but did have a modest effect on script-driven physiological arousal [134].”
BackgroundPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Frommberger, U., Angenendt, J., & Berger, T. (2014) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0059 · Cited by 61
Bryant, R. A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101981 · Cited by 65
Estradiol modulation of the renin–angiotensin system and the regulation of fear extinction
Parrish, J. N., Bertholomey, M. L., Pang, H. W., Speth, R. C., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0374-0 · Cited by 51
Molecular Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Increases in Fear Memory Consolidation within the Amygdala
Aubry, A., Serrano, P. A., & Burghardt, N. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00191 · Cited by 52
Szeleszczuk, Ł., & Frączkowski, D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231710099 · Cited by 46
“The physiological reactivity and HR of those who received propranolol 4–12 h after the trauma reportedly improved [64].”
BackgroundTwo weeks of pretreatment with escitalopram facilitates extinction learning in healthy individuals
Bui, E., Orr, S. P., Jacoby, R. J., Keshaviah, A., LeBlanc, N. J., Milad, M. R., Pollack, M. H., & Simon, N. M. (2013) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2330 · Cited by 42
“Published studies with propranolol (Pitman et al., 2002; Vaiva et al., 2003; McGhee et al., 2009; Hoge et al., 2012), imipramine (Robert et al.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationClinical Manifestations of Body Memories: The Impact of Past Bodily Experiences on Mental Health
Gentsch, A., & Kuehn, E. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050594 · Cited by 59
Acute Severe Pain Is a Common Consequence of Sexual Assault
McLean, S. A., Soward, A. C. M., Ballina, L. E., Rossi, C., Rotolo, S., Wheeler, R., Foley, K. A., Batts, J. J., Casto, T., Collette, R., et al. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.04.008 · Cited by 39
Rosenberg, L., Rosenberg, M., Sharp, S., THOMAS, C. R., Humphries, H. F., Holzer, C. E., Herndon, D. N., & Meyer, W. J. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0073 · Cited by 38
“Similarly, Hoge et al. (2012) concluded that there was no difference in the rate of PTSD for adults who received propranolol after a traumatic episode in comparison to individuals who did not.”
Papini, S., Sullivan, G. M., Hien, D. A., Shvil, E., & Neria, Y. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.10.010 · Cited by 37
“However, propranolol failed to prevent PTSD when administered shortly after trauma (Hoge et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSpring, J. D., Wood, N. E., Mueller‐Pfeiffer, C., Milad, M. R., Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12326 · Cited by 39
Self-citationBeta‐blockers may reduce intrusive thoughts in newly diagnosed cancer patients
Lindgren, M. E., Fagundes, C. P., Alfano, C. M., Povoski, S. P., Agnese, D. M., Arnold, M. W., Farrar, W. B., Yee, L. D., Carson, W. E., Schmidt, C. R., et al. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3233 · Cited by 35
“Propranolol reduced the strength of newly acquired emotional memories in experimental studies [10], and similar effects were observed in some trauma-exposed clinical samples [8,11,12], although there are some exceptions [13,14].”
Unrelenting Fear Under Stress: Neural Circuits and Mechanisms for the Immediate Extinction Deficit
Maren, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.888461 · Cited by 37
Pharmacotherapy in the Aftermath of Trauma; Opportunities in the ‘Golden Hours’
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Zhohar, J., & Krugers, H. J. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0455-y · Cited by 34
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Bisson, J. I., Meader, N., Churchill, R. C., Ostuzzi, G., Stein, D. J., Williams, T., & Barbui, C. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013443.pub2 · Cited by 38
Treating Anxiety with either Beta Blockers or Antiemetic Antimuscarinic Drugs: A Review
Dooley, T. P. (2015) · Mental Health in Family Medicine · doi:10.25149/1756-8358.1102013 · Cited by 32
The Effect of Glucose on Hippocampal-Dependent Contextual Fear Conditioning
Glenn, D. E., Minor, T. R., Vervliet, B., & Craske, M. G. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.022 · Cited by 34
Gasparyan, A., Navarro, D., Navarrete, F., & Manzanares, J. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109211 · Cited by 34
Delayed extinction fails to reduce skin conductance reactivity to fear‐conditioned stimuli
Fricchione, J. G., Greenberg, M. S., Spring, J. D., Wood, N. E., Mueller‐Pfeiffer, C., Milad, M. R., Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12687 · Cited by 35
Self-citationAcute sleep interventions as an avenue for treatment of trauma-associated disorders
Swift, K. M., Thomas, C. L., Balkin, T. J., Lowery‐Gionta, E. G., & Matson, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10074 · Cited by 30
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and its implications for psychiatry
Goerke, M., Müller, N. G., & Cohrs, S. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1476-3 · Cited by 31
“efficacy of propranolol in preventing the development of PTSD in trauma-exposed subjects by administering the drug immediately after trauma (Pitman et al. 2002; Vaiva et al. 2003; Stein et al. 2007; Hoge et al. 2012).”
BackgroundPolta, S., Fenzl, T., Jakubcakova, V., Kimura, M., Yassouridis, A., & Wotjak, C. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00060 · Cited by 31
Dębiec, J. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.009 · Cited by 27
The capacity for acute exercise to modulate emotional memories: A review of findings and mechanisms
Keyan, D., & Bryant, R. A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.033 · Cited by 27
Hupbach, A., Gómez, R. L., & Nadel, L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118332634.ch12 · Cited by 27
Ruglass, L. M., López‐Castro, T., Cheref, S., Papini, S., & Hien, D. A. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0505-5 · Cited by 28
Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders with the Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonist Prazosin
Simon, P. Y. R., & Rousseau, P. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716659275 · Cited by 26
Vanderkam, P., Solinas, M., Ingrand, I., Doux, N., Ebrahimighavam, S., Jaafari, N., & Lafay‐Chebassier, C. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15265 · Cited by 25
Grasser, L. R., Saad, B., Bazzi, C., Wanna, C., Suhaiban, H. A., Mammo, D. F., Jovanović, T., & Javanbakht, A. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2083375 · Cited by 25
“Trauma-related scripts may be individualized to one’s own experiences; standardized traumatic scripts may also be used for comparison, in addition to personalized and standardized positive and neutral scripts (Hoge et al., 2012; Pitman, Orr, Forgue, de Jong, & Claiborn, 1987).”
BackgroundBryant, R. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102228 · Cited by 32
Linnstaedt, S. D., Hu, J., Bortsov, A. V., Soward, A. C. M., Swor, R. A., Jones, J. S., Lee, D., Peak, D. A., Domeier, R. M., Rathlev, N. K., et al. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.011 · Cited by 24
Lonsdorf, T. B., Haaker, J., Fadai, T., & Kalisch, R. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3338-8 · Cited by 27
“2002), while newer results do not support this (Hoge et al. 2012).”
ResultPost-traumatic stress disorder: new directions in pharmacotherapy
Green, B. (2013) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.111.010041 · Cited by 25
“The most recent study, a randomised placebocontrolled trial by Hoge et al (2012), evaluated the proactive use of propranolol in a clinical sample of 41 emergency department patients who had just experienced psychological trauma.”
BackgroundThe Use of β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists in Psychiatry: A Review
Boyce, T. G., Ballone, N. T., Certa, K., & Becker, M. A. (2021) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2020.12.009 · Cited by 23
A Preliminary Investigation on the Effects of Atenolol for Treating Symptoms of Anxiety
Armstrong, C., & Kapolowicz, M. R. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa170 · Cited by 23
Primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder: drugs and implications
Burbiel, J. C. (2015) · Military Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40779-015-0053-2 · Cited by 22
“the doses applied were too low to have an influence on memory processing [15].”
Backgroundμ-Opioid Receptor Gene A118G Polymorphism Predicts Pain Recovery After Sexual Assault
Ballina, L. E., Ulirsch, J. C., Soward, A. C. M., Rossi, C., Rotolo, S., Linnstaedt, S. D., Heafner, T., Foley, K. A., Batts, J. J., Collette, R., et al. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.013 · Cited by 22
Evaluation of an angiotensin Type 1 receptor blocker on the reconsolidation of fear memory
Swiercz, A. P., Iyer, L., Yu, Z., Edwards, A., Prashant, N. M., Nguyen, B., Horvath, A., & Marvar, P. J. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01043-6 · Cited by 21
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Natural Disasters: A Review
Sönmez, D., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2023) · Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.18678/dtfd.1277673 · Cited by 30
Roque, A. P. (2015) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1057785 · Cited by 21
Utility of Psychophysiological Metrics in Guiding Treatment of Trauma Symptoms: A Systematic Review
Yang, M., Mady, N., & Linnaranta, O. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.01.004 · Cited by 18
Alpha-2 Adrenoreceptor Antagonist Yohimbine Potentiates Consolidation of Conditioned Fear
Sperl, M. F. J., Panitz, C., Skoluda, N., Nater, U. M., Pizzagalli, D. A., Hermann, C., & Mueller, E. M. (2022) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac038 · Cited by 20
“Although our study proposes a notable model to stimulate innovative interventions for reducing pathological hyperconsolidation (Hoge et al., 2012; Astill Wright et al., 2019), clinical studies are needed to evaluate their efficacy.”
Psychophysiology in the Study of Psychological Trauma: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Need to Be?
Acheson, D. T., Geyer, M. A., & Risbrough, V. B. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_346 · Cited by 19
“First, psychophysiological alterations may not be powerful enough to generalize into symptom change per se (e.g., Hoge et al. 2012).”
BackgroundResultFine, N. B., Achituv, M., Etkin, A., Merin, O., & Shalev, A. Y. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1442602 · Cited by 17
“Pharmacological interventions that target the acquisition and extinction of fear responses have generally failed to prevent PTSD (Cohen et al., 2011; Hoge et al., 2012; Pitman et al., 2002; Stein, Kerridge, Dimsdale, & Hoyt, 2007).”
BackgroundACUTE AND CHRONIC REACTIONS TO TRAUMA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Bui, É., Ohye, B. Y., Palitz, S. A., Olliac, B., Goutaudier, N., Raynaud, J., Kounou, K. B., & Stoddard, F. J. (2014) · Cited by 16
A Review of Psychopharmacological Interventions Post-Disaster to Prevent Psychiatric Sequelae
Birur, B., Math, S. B., & Fargason, R. E. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4352 · Cited by 17
Tinsae, T., Shumet, S., Tadesse, G., Takelle, G. M., Rtbey, G., Melkam, M., Andualem, F., Nakie, G., Segon, T., Koye, S., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1399013 · Cited by 15
Gardner, A. J., & Griffiths, J. (2014) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0698-3 · Cited by 14
“Whereas some small studies have demonstrated that physiological arousal 3 months after a trauma can be significantly reduced with a 10-day course of propranolol [59,60], others have failed to demonstrate an effect versus placebo in burden veterans [61], among trauma patients [62], or using high-dose therapy [63] (240…”
BackgroundKapfhammer, H. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.2/hkapfhammer · Cited by 13
Ahl, R., Sjölin, G., & Mohseni, S. (2016) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2016.10.041 · Cited by 13
Bhuvaneswar, C. G., Ruskin, J. N., Katzman, A. R., Wood, N. E., & Pitman, R. K. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.12.013 · Cited by 12
“This has been investigated in several studies that have employed propranolol, with positive (Vaiva et al., 2003), aken at 0.1016/ negative (Stein, Kerridge, Dimsdale, & Hoyt, 2007), and mixed (Hoge et al., 2012; Krauseneck et al., 2010; Nugent et al., 2010; Pitman et al., 2002) results.”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citationBiomarkers of post-deployment resilience among military service members
Highland, K. B., Costanzo, M. E., Jovanović, T., Norrholm, S. D., Ndiongue, R., Reinhardt, B. J., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Roy, M. J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.07.001 · Cited by 12
“For example, propranolol, a b-adrenergic antagonists that blocks post-synaptic NE receptors, has not been shown to reduce PTSD symptoms or the likelihood of a PTSD diagnosis when administered acutely after traumatic events (Hoge et al., 2012; Stein et al., 2007) Furthermore, clonidine, a a2-adrenergic receptor agonist…”
BackgroundPTSD: Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches
Friedman, M. J. (2013) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.3.315 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoge, E. A., Worthington, J. J., Nagurney, J. T., Chang, Y., Kay, E. B., Feterowski, C. M., Katzman, A. R., Goetz, J. M., Rosasco, M. L., Lasko, N. B., Zusman, R. M., Pollack, M. H., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoge, Elizabeth A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-01-10
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-27
- ISSN
- 1755-5930 (ISSN-L)
- 1755-5949
- PMC
- PMC6493400
- OpenAlex
- W1542396424
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 20.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068603, MH068603)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- propranolol, post-traumatic stress disorder, memory reconsolidation, beta-adrenergic blockade, script-driven imagery, physiological reactivity, medication adherence, injury prevention, emergency department patients
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Adult, Aged, Drive, Electromyography, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Imagination, Male, Middle Aged, Propranolol, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Medication Adherence, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
