Prevention of trauma and stressor-related disorders: A review

Howlett, Jonathon R; Stein, Murray B

doi:10.1038/npp.2015.261

Cited by 103Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchChild Abuse and Trauma

Prevention of trauma and stressor-related disorders: A review

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Howlett, Jonathon R, Stein, Murray B·2016·Neuropsychopharmacology

DOI 10.1038/npp.2015.261PMC PMC4677144

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Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, frequently chronic, and disabling condition which, along with acute stress disorder (ASD), is categorized as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder by the DSM-5. These disorders are unique in requiring exposure to a severe stressor, which implies that potential sufferers could be identified and helped before developing a disorder. Research on prevention strategies for stress-related disorders has taken a number of avenues, including intervention before and after trauma and the use of both psychosocial and somatic approaches. Despite advances in neurobiological understanding of response to trauma, clinical evidence for preventive interventions remains sparse. This review provides an overview of prevention approaches and summarizes the existing literature on prevention of ASD and PTSD, including clinical and preclinical studies. Given the potential benefits to trauma survivors and society, the development of effective preventive interventions should be given greater priority. Resources should be directed to adequately test promising interventions in clinical trials, and research should be conducted according to translational research principles in which preclinical research informs the design of clinical studies.

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The need for effective and safe PTSD prevention is longstanding and ongoing, with no preventive interventions currently at the stage of widespread implementation.
“Notably, the need for effective and safe PTSD prevention is longstanding and ongoing, with no preventive interventions currently at the stage of widespread implementation (57).”
From Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients (2017) · cites this paper as [57]

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Hippocampal microinfusion of oxytocin attenuates the behavioural response to stress by means of dynamic interplay with the glucocorticoid-catecholamine responses
Cohen, H., Kaplan, Z., Kozlovsky, N., Gidron, Y., Matar, M. A., & Zohar, J. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02003.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effects of a microinjection of morphine into the amygdala on the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear and hypoalgesia in rats.
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A Multisite Study of Initial Respiration Rate and Heart Rate as Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M. C., O'Donnell, M. L., Silove, D. M., & McFARLANE, A. C. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n1104 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Sertraline to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Burned Children
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Translating research findings to PTSD prevention: Results of a randomized–controlled pilot study
Gidron, Y., Gal, R., Freedman, S., Twiser, I., Lauden, A., Snir, Y., & Benjamin, J. (2001) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1013046322993 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Memory, benzodiazepines, and anxiety: integration of theoretical and clinical perspectives.
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Battlemind debriefing and battlemind training as early interventions with soldiers returning from Iraq: Randomization by platoon.
Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D., McGurk, D., Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2011) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/2157-3905.1.s.66 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effects of peritraumatic ketamine medication on early and sustained posttraumatic stress symptoms in moderately injured accident victims
Schönenberg, M., Reichwald, U., Domes, G., Badke, A., & Hautzinger, M. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0094-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Latent Classes of PTSD Symptoms in Vietnam Veterans
Steenkamp, M. M., Nickerson, A., Maguen, S., Dickstein, B. D., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2012) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445512450908 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Internalizing and externalizing classes in posttraumatic stress disorder: A latent class analysis
Forbes, D., Elhai, J. D., Miller, M. W., & Creamer, M. C. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20526 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Emergency department predictors of posttraumatic stress reduction for trauma-exposed individuals with and without an early intervention
Price, M., Kearns, M., Houry, D., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035537 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Propranolol does not reduce risk for acute stress disorder in pediatric burn trauma
Sharp, S., Thomas, C., Rosenberg, L., Rosenberg, M., & Meyer, W. (2010) · Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection & Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e3181a8b326 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Primary Prevention of PTSD: A Systematic Review
Skeffington, P., Rees, C. S., & Kane, R. T. (2013) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.753653 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Declining Benzodiazepine Use in Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Lund, B. C., Alexander, B., Bernardy, N. C., & Friedman, M. J. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06775 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
CRF receptor blockade prevents initiation and consolidation of stress effects on affect in the predator stress model of PTSD
Adamec, R. E., Fougere, J. D., & Risbrough, V. B. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145709990496 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Confirmatory factor analyses of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in psychiatric samples differing in Criterion A status
Zelazny, K., & Simms, L. J. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.009 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Post-Exposure Sleep Deprivation Facilitates Correctly Timed Interactions Between Glucocorticoid and Adrenergic Systems, which Attenuate Traumatic Stress Responses
Cohen, S., Kozlovsky, N., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Zohar, J., & Cohen, H. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.94 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Immediate and early behavioral interventions for the prevention of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder
Agorastos, A., Marmar, C. R., & Otte, C. (2011) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32834cdde2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Postdeployment Battlemind training for the U.K. armed forces: A cluster randomized controlled trial.
Mulligan, K., Fear, N. T., Jones, N., Alvarez, H., Hull, L., Naumann, U., Wessely, S. C., & Greenberg, N. L. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027664 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Early intervention for post‐traumatic stress disorder
Bryant, R. A. (2007) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00006.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A Comparison of the Capacity of DSM-IV] and DSM-5] Acute Stress Disorder Definitions to Predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Disorders
Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M. C., O'Donnell, M. L., Silove, D. M., McFARLANE, A. C., & Forbes, D. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08731 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Intraoperative Administration of Ketamine to Burned U.S. Service Members Does Not Increase the Incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
McGhee, L. L., Maani, C. V., Garza, T. H., Slater, T. M., Petz, L. N., & Fowler, M. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-13-00481 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Approaches to the Primary Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military: A Review of the Stress Control Literature
Hourani, L. L., Hubal, R. C., & Strange, L. B. (2011) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00227 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Comparative effects of intranasal neuropeptide Y and HS014 in preventing anxiety and depressive-like behavior elicited by single prolonged stress
Sabban, E. L., Serova, L. I., Alaluf, L. G., Lauková, M., & Peddu, C. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.038 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Immediate ketamine treatment does not prevent posttraumatic stress responses in an animal model for PTSD
Juven‐Wetzler, A., Cohen, H., Kaplan, Z., Kohen, A., Porat, O., & Zohar, J. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.08.007 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Potential Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Omega–3 Fatty Acid Supplementation to Prevent Posttraumatic Distress after Accidental Injury: An Open-Label Pilot Study
Matsuoka, Y., Nishi, D., Yonemoto, N., Hamazaki, K., Hamazaki, T., & Hashimoto, K. (2011) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000322980 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pre-deployment stress briefing: does it have an effect?
Sharpley, J. G., Fear, N. T., Greenberg, N. L., Jones, M., & Wessely, S. C. (2007) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqm118 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Glod, C. A., & McEnany, G. (1995) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/107839039500100607 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults
Breslau, N. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399066.013.0007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Has psychiatry tamed the “ketamine tiger?” Considerations on its use for depression and anxiety
Rasmussen, K. G. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Interactive Effects of Memory Structuring and Gender in Preventing Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
Gidron, Y., Gal, R., Givati, G., Lauden, A., Snir, Y., & Benjamin, J. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000254676.11987.5d · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Latent structure of the proposed ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: Implications for the diagnostic algorithm
Forbes, D., Lockwood, E., Creamer, M. C., Bryant, R. A., McFARLANE, A. C., Silove, D. M., Nickerson, A., & O'Donnell, M. L. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.150078 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Protective effects of the novel adenosine derivative WS0701 in a mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Huang, Z., Liu, R., Bai, X., Zhao, G., Song, J.-K., Wu, S., & Du, G. (2013) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2013.143 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Longitudinal Analysis of Latent Classes of Psychopathology and Patterns of Class Migration in Survivors of Severe Injury
Forbes, D., Nickerson, A., Alkemade, N., Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M. C., Silove, D. M., McFARLANE, A. C., Hooff, M. V., Fletcher, S. L., & O'Donnell, M. L. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09075 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Do hypnotics cause death and cancer? The burden of proof
Kripke, D. F. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.01.002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
What's Impeding Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Prevention?
Stein, M. B., & Lang, A. J. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.03.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of early albuterol (salbutamol) administration on the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms
Kobayashi, I., Sledjeski, E. M., Fallon, W. F., Spoonster, E., Riccio, D. C., & Delahanty, D. L. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.016 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chronic aerial exposure to glucorticoids or beta-agonists affects avoidance learning and exploratory motivation in rats
Elías, P. A. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00222-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

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Commission on Chronic Illness (1957). Chronic Illness in the United States. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, Vol.

Sorted by citations

International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci
Nievergelt, C. M., Maihofer, A. X., Klengel, T., Atkinson, E. G., Chen, C.-Y., Choi, K. W., Coleman, J. R. I., Dalvie, S., Duncan, L. E., Gelernter, J., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12576-w · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and suicide: a review of possible associations
James, A., Lai, F. H., & Dahl, C. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00384.x · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Abdallah, C. G., Averill, L. A., Akiki, T. J., Raza, M., Averill, C. L., Gomaa, H., Adikey, A., & Krystal, J. H. (2018) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021701 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Pathophysiological Bases of Comorbidity: Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Kaplan, G. B., Leite‐Morris, K. A., Wang, L., Rumbika, K. K., Heinrichs, S. C., Zeng, X., Wu, L., Arena, D. T., & Teng, Y. D. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4953 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
PTSD as a Public Mental Health Priority
Watson, P. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1032-1 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients
van Zuiden, M., Frijling, J. L., Nawijn, L., Koch, S. B. J., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.11.012 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The Current Evidence for Acute Stress Disorder
Bryant, R. A. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0976-x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The Need to Take a Staging Approach to the Biological Mechanisms of PTSD and its Treatment
McFARLANE, A. C., Lawrence-Wood, E., Hooff, M. V., Malhi, G. S., & Yehuda, R. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0761-2 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology
Bird, C., Modlin, N. L., & Rucker, J. (2021) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2021.1919062 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Acute stress disorder
Bryant, R. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.01.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A Public Health Perspective of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Jowf, G. I. A., Ahmed, Z. T., An, N., Reijnders, R. A., Ambrosino, E., Rutten, B. P. F., de Nijs, L., & Eijssen, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116474 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“A stressor, or a stressful event, is the prime causative factor of PTSD, and is one of the criteria for diagnosing PTSD [43,44].”
Background
The effects of FAAH inhibition on the neural basis of anxiety-related processing in healthy male subjects: a randomized clinical trial
Paulus, M. P., Stein, M. B., Simmons, A. N., Risbrough, V. B., Halter, R. J., & Chaplan, S. R. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00936-w · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Genetic Control of Myelin Plasticity after Chronic Psychosocial Stress
Laine, M. A., Trontti, K., Misiewicz, Z., Sokolowska, E., Kulesskaya, N., Heikkinen, A., Saarnio, S., Balcells, I., Ameslon, P., Greco, D., et al. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0166-18.2018 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Understanding the underlying risk factors and promotion of the resilience factors in susceptible individuals should facilitate development of secondary prevention methods of anxiety disorders after traumatic events, and selective pharmacological treatment of anxiety (Howlett and Stein, 2016).”
The SIX Cs model for Immediate Cognitive Psychological First Aid: From Helplessness to Active Efficient Coping
Farchi, M., Hirsch-Gornemann, M. B., Whiteson, A., & Gidron, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience · doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000395 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…in preventing PTSD have concluded that only Trauma Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and modified prolonged exposure may help prevent PTSD (Howlett & Stein, 2016; Qi, Gevonden, & Shalev, 2016; Roberts, Kitchiner, Kenardy, & Bisson, 2010).”
Background
Prophylactic ketamine alters nucleotide and neurotransmitter metabolism in brain and plasma following stress
McGowan, J. C., Hill, C., Mastrodonato, A., LaGamma, C. T., Kitayev, A., Brachman, R. A., Narain, N. R., Kiebish, M. A., & Denny, C. A. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0043-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Genome‐wide analyses of psychological resilience in U.S. Army soldiers
Stein, M. B., Choi, K. W., Jain, S., Campbell‐Sills, L., Chen, C., Gelernter, J. E., He, F., Heeringa, S. G., Maihofer, A. X., Nievergelt, C. M., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32730 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Individuals exposed to traumatic stressors are at heightened risk for psychiatric disorders including but not limited to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [Howlett and Stein 2016; Rosellini et al. 2018].”
Background
Early interventions to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors of life-threatening medical events: A systematic review
Birk, J. L., Sumner, J. A., Haerizadeh, M., Heyman-Kantor, R., Falzon, L., Gonzalez, C. J., Gershengoren, L., Shapiro, P. A., Edmondson, D. E., & Kronish, I. M. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.03.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Building Resilience: The Stress Response as a Driving Force for Neuroplasticity and Adaptation
Hermans, E. J., Hendler, T., & Kalisch, R. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.10.016 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
175 Years of Progress in PTSD Therapeutics: Learning From the Past
Stein, M. B., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17080955 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Estradiol modulation of the renin–angiotensin system and the regulation of fear extinction
Parrish, J. N., Bertholomey, M. L., Pang, H. W., Speth, R. C., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0374-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Post-ICU Clinics Should Be Staffed by ICU Clinicians
Sevin, C. M., & Jackson, J. C. (2019) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000003535 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Similarly, early recognition of new psychiatric conditions such as depression or posttraumatic stress disorder leads to better outcomes with respect to quality of life and employment, among other things (30).”
Background
Internet of Things for Mental Health: Open Issues in Data Acquisition, Self-Organization, Service Level Agreement, and Identity Management
Gutiérrez, L. J., Rabbani, K., Ajayi, O. J., Gebresilassie, S. K., Rafferty, J., Castro, L. A., & Baños, O. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031327 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Symptoms may emerge include flashbacks, nightmares, and hypervigilance [49].”
Background
Mental Health Outcomes Following a Large-Scale Potentially Traumatic Event Involving Police Officers and Civilian Staff of the Queensland Police Service
Kerswell, N. L., Strodl, E. S., Johnson, L. R., & Konstantinou, E. (2019) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9310-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Impact of Stress on the Brain: Pathology, Treatment and Prevention
Ressler, K. J., & Smoller, J. W. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.306 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Howlett and Stein review updates on prevention and treatment in this arena and how a newer understanding of stress circuitry and biology may inform novel approaches (Howlett and Stein, 2016).”
Background
Glycyrrhizin Treatment Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear Responses After a Single Prolonged Stress Exposure in Rats
Lai, S., Wu, G.-W., & Jiang, Z. (2018) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000488271 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
SiRNA-mediated serotonin transporter knockdown in the dorsal raphe nucleus rescues single prolonged stress-induced hippocampal autophagy in rats.
Wu, Z.-M., Zheng, C., Zhu, Z.-H., Wu, F., Ni, G.-L., & Liang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.11.056 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The clinical manifestations of reexperience the trauma is characterized and accompanied by emotional irritability and avoidance behavior [1,2,5].”
Background
Early pharmacological interventions for universal prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Bisson, J. I., Meader, N., Churchill, R. C., Ostuzzi, G., Stein, D. J., Williams, T., & Barbui, C. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013443.pub2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Potentially harmful therapies: A meta-scientific review of evidential value.
Williams, A. J., Botanov, Y., Kilshaw, R. E., Wong, R. E., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12331 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…2014; Faggiano et al., 2005; Flynn, Falco, & Hocini, 2013; Forneris et al., 2013; de Graaf, Honig, Pampus, & Stramrood, 2018; Horn & Feder, 2018; Howlett & Stein, 2016; Joyce et al., 2016; Kearns, Ressler, Zatzick, & Rothbaum, 2012; Kramer & Landolt, 2011; Lapp, Agbokou, Peretti, & Ferreri,…”
Contribution of Hippocampal 5-HT3 Receptors in Hippocampal Autophagy and Extinction of Conditioned Fear Responses after a Single Prolonged Stress Exposure in Rats
Wu, Z., Yang, L., Cui, R. C., Ni, G.-L., Wu, F., & Liang, Y. (2016) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-016-0395-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…(PTSD) is characterized as long-lasting symptoms of mental disorders including emotional irritability and avoidance behavior due to the experience of life-threatening events or severe trauma (Charney et al. 1993; Howlett and Stein 2015; Ipser et al. 2006; Hoskins et al. 2015; Brunello et al. 2001).”
Background
Association of day-of-injury plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein concentration and six-month posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with mild traumatic brain injury
Kulbe, J. R., Jain, S., Nelson, L. D., Korley, F. K., Mukherjee, P., Sun, X., Okonkwo, D. O., Giacino, J. T., Vassar, M. J., Robertson, C. S., et al. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01359-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“However, contrary to our hypothesis – which assumed that PTSD and TBI cause dysfunction in overlapping brain structures [31, 32] – GFAP levels were inversely correlated with the development of PTSD at 6 months post-injury (Table 3).”
Result
Stress and traumatic brain injury: An inherent bi-directional relationship with temporal and synergistic complexities
Brand, J., McDonald, S. J., Gawryluk, J. R., Christie, B. R., & Shultz, S. R. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105242 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…are acting on, are a contributing factor to functional deficits in a TBI patient, these interventions may be a useful approach to improve their quality of life (Acabchuk et al., 2021; Bisson et al., 2021; Howlett and Stein, 2016; Lemay et al., 2019; Little et al., 2021; Zaccari et al., 2020).”
Background
Novel pharmacological treatment strategies for posttraumatic stress disorder
Thomas, E., & Stein, D. J. (2016) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1260001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Surviving the Immediate Aftermath of a Disaster: A Preliminary Investigation of Adolescents’ Acute Stress Reactions and Mental Health Needs after the 2023 Turkey Earthquakes
Efendi, G. Y., Temeltürk, R. D., Çakmak, I. B., & Dinçer, M. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10091485 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In certain cases, the use of medication is highlighted for managing acute symptoms effectively [39].”
Addressing the Needs of Preschool Children in the Context of Disasters and Terrorism: Assessment, Prevention, and Intervention
Wolmer, L., Hamiel, D., Pardo-Aviv, L., & Laor, N. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0792-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Lifetime Effects of Injury
Lane-Fall, M. B., Kuza, C. M., Fakhry, S. M., & Kaplan, L. J. (2018) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2018.09.012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Largest genome-wide association study for PTSD identifies genetic risk loci in European and African ancestries and implicates novel biological pathwaysPreprint
Nievergelt, C. M., Maihofer, A. X., Klengel, T., Atkinson, E. G., Chen, C., Choi, K. W., Coleman, J. R. I., Dalvie, S., Duncan, L. E., Logue, M. W., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/458562 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“An understanding of the biological mechanisms of risk for PTSD is therefore an important goal of research ultimately aimed at its prevention and mitigation.(4,5) Exposure to traumatic stress is, by definition, requisite for the development of PTSD, but individual susceptibility to PTSD (conditioned on trauma exposure)…”
Background
Age-related differences in stress responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of nonhuman primates with various types of adaptive behavior
Goncharova, N. D., & Oganyan, T. E. (2017) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.08.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The probability of the onset of post-stress syndrome is sharply increased with aging (Alves de Rezende et al., 2009; Howlett and Stein, 2016; Pradeep and Sutin, 2014; Risch et al., 2009).”
Background
Trauma Disclosure Moderates the Effects of Oxytocin on Intrusions and Neural Responses to Fear
Scheele, D., Lieberz, J., Patin, A., Engels, C., Schneider, L., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Becker, B., & Hurlemann, R. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000496056 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Trauma exposure interacts with the genetic risk of bipolar disorder in alcohol misuse of US soldiers
Polimanti, R. A., Kaufman, J., Zhao, H., Kranzler, H. R., Ursano, R. J., Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., & Gelernter, J. E. (2017) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12843 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Exposure to traumatic events is associated with a greater risk of psychiatric disorders (3, 4), including alcohol use disorders and BD (6, 35).”
Background
Glucocorticoid Negative Feedback in Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Rhesus Monkeys With Various Types of Adaptive Behavior: Individual and Age-Related Differences
Goncharova, N. D., Chigarova, О. А., Rudenko, N., & Oganyan, T. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescent and Adult Sexual Assault Victims
Miles, L. W., Valentine, J. L., Mabey, L., Hopkins, E., Stodtmeister, P. J., Rockwood, R. B., & Moxley, A. N. H. (2023) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/10783903231216138 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Howlett and Stein (2016) explored using hydrocortisone administration immediately after a traumatic event to reduce PTSD symptoms with some favorable preliminary results.”
Endocannabinoid modulating drugs improve anxiety but not the expression of conditioned fear in a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder
Vimalanathan, A., Gidyk, D. C., Diwan, M., Gouveia, F. V., Lipsman, N., Giacobbe, P., Nóbrega, J. N., & Hamani, C. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107965 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This highlights the need for a broader set of treatment options for treatmentresistant PTSD to improve patient outcomes and reduce negative effects on families, caregivers, and society (Howlett and Stein, 2016; Kessler, 2000).”
Background
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Posttraumatic Stress and Related Disorders: A Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation in U.S. Army Soldiers
Howlett, J. R., Campbell‐Sills, L., Jain, S., Heeringa, S. G., Nock, M. K., Sun, X., Ursano, R. J., & Stein, M. B. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22347 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These considerations are lent added urgency in light of the modest efficacy of current treatments for PTSD (Institute of Medicine, 2008) and the near absence of evidence-based PTSD prevention strategies (Howlett & Stein, 2016).”
Prenatal insomnia and childbirth-related PTSD symptoms: A prospective population-based cohort study
Deforges, C., Noël, Y., Eberhard‐Gran, M., Garthus‐Niegel, S., & Horsch, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Healthcare Professionals During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Ilias, Ι., Mantziou, V., Vamvakas, E., Kampisiouli, E., Θεοδωρακοπούλου, Μ., Vrettou, C., Douka, E., Vassiliou, A. G., Orfanos, S. E., Kotanidou, Α., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.2478/jccm-2020-0042 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Post-traumatic stress disorder can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event [6, 7].”
Background
Invisible wounds: Suturing the gap between the neurobiology, conventional and emerging therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder
Gonda, X., Döme, P., Erdelyi-Hamza, B., Krause, S., Elek, L. P., Sharma, S., & Tarazi, F. I. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.05.010 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Accelerated forgetting of a trauma-like event in healthy men and women after a single dose of hydrocortisone
Hennessy, V. E., Troebinger, L., Iskandar, G., Das, R., & Kamboj, S. K. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02126-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Prophylactic Efficacy of Riluzole against Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in Two Rodent Stress Models
Bansal, Y., Fee, C., Misquitta, K. A., Codeluppi-Arrowsmith, S. A., Sibille, E. L., Berman, R., Coric, V., Sanacora, G., & Banasr, M. (2023) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000529534 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Preclinical studies have focused on leveraging these individual differences to address the maladaptive response to stress and the associated symptom emergence by developing pharmaceuticals with prophylactic properties [26 – 28].”
Background
Neuroendocrinology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00016-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase in dorsal raphe nucleus mediates PTSD-like behaviors induced by single-prolonged stress through inhibiting serotonergic neurons activity
Sun, N., You, Y., Yang, D., Jiang, Z., Xia, T., Zhou, Q., & Zhu, D. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.048 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Somatic Symptom Severity, Not Injury Severity, Predicts Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder in Wounded Service Members
Soumoff, A. A., Clark, N. G., Spinks, E. A., Kemezis, P. A., Raiciulescu, S., Driscoll, M. Y., Kim, S. Y., Benedek, D. M., & Choi, K. H. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22722 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Trauma as a Public Health Issue: Epidemiology of Trauma and Trauma-Related Disorders
Mew, E. J., Koenen, K. C., & Lowe, S. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97802-0_2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Bisson, J. I., Meader, N., Churchill, R. C., Ostuzzi, G., Stein, D. J., Williams, T., & Barbui, C. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013613.pub2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The effect of mTBI and PTSD symptoms on computerized cognitive performance: Results from a sample of treatment-seeking active duty US service members
Tate, L. L., Willing, M. M. P., French, L. M., Law, W. A., Bennion, L. D., Sullivan, K. W., & Riggs, D. S. (2020) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2020.1842037 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Changes in benzodiazepine use in the French general population after November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris: an interrupted time series analysis of the national CONSTANCES cohort
Gouraud, C., Airagnes, G., Kab, S., Courtin, É., Goldberg, M., Limosin, F., Lemogne, C., & Zins, M. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044891 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effect of motor interference therapy in traumatic memories: A pilot study
Morales‐Rivero, A., Reyes‐Santos, L., Bisanz, E., Ruíz-Chow, Á. A., & Crail‐Meléndez, D. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1984 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In order for trauma-related disorders to develop, an individual must be exposed either directly or indirectly to an extreme stressor (Howlett & Stein, 2016; Jorge, 2015).”
Background
PREDICTORS OF THE FORMATION AND FEATURES OF THE CLINICAL PICTURE OF ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS
Isakov, R. І., Herasymenko, L. O., Kydon, P. V., Fysun, Y. O., Belov, O. O., Пшук, Н. Г., & Skrypnikov, A. M. (2023) · World of Medicine and Biology · doi:10.26724/2079-8334-2023-1-83-72-77 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation for the treatment of trauma- and stressor-related disorders: systematic review of randomised controlled studies
Benzouak, T., Danyluck, C. M., Gunpat, S., Amougou, S. E., Hamoudeh, R. A., Prudencio-Brunello, M. A., Nachabe, J., Edwin, F., Kisely, S. R., & Rao, S. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10057 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stress-activated leukocyte 12/15-lipoxygenase metabolite enhances struggle behaviour and tocotrienols relieve stress-induced behaviour alteration
Shichiri, M., Ishida, N., Aoki, Y., Koike, T., & Hagihara, Y. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.236 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A population-based study assessing posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder in Turkish adults
Karaoğlan, G., Ekici, F., Demir, L. S., & Güler, Ö. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.07.034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Development of a stepped care intervention model of evidence-based interventions for the management of posttraumatic stress in the Belgian Police
Rentmeesters, N., Wynsberghe, D., & Hermans, D. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2349448 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…evidence-based interventions and relevant guidelines are generally available for primary prevention (Bisson et al., 2021; Horn et al., 2016; Howlett & Stein 2016), for post-incident interventions (Bisson et al., 2021; Bryant, 2022a) and for the assessment and treatment of PTSD (Hamblen et…”
Background
Introduction
Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Weisæth, L., & Raphael, B. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316481424.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluating the core processes of a hybrid trauma-informed acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for college students
Schachter, J., Ajayi, A. A., & Delgado, J. E. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100852 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychosocial Well-Being at the Time of Trauma Exposure and Risk of PTSD
Vogt, D. S., Borowski, S. C., Kumar, S. A., Lee, L. O., & Schnurr, P. P. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40388 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders and Dissociative Disorders
Ahmad, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15401-0_19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Role of Adrenal Progenitor Cells in the Structural Response of Adrenal Gland to Various forms of Acute Stress and Subsequent Recovery in Adult Male Albino Rats
Sadek, D. R., Abounasef, S., & Khalil, S. (2023) · Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure · doi:10.4103/jmau.jmau_106_22 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[14] Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of immobility and cold as an example of acute stressors and the recovery from these stressors on the histological changes of the adrenal gland and the subsequent role of the adrenal progenitor cells.”
On the Physiological and Psychological Reflections of Traumatic Experiences; An Overview of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Karakaya, E. G. (2023) · JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC SOCIAL RESOURCES · doi:10.29228/asrjournal.69137 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AS PRESSING ISSUES OF OUR TIME
Mohylnyk, A., Zhyvotovska, L. V., Tarasenko, K. V., Boiko, D. I., Sonnik, Y., & Arkhipovets, O. (2023) · Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії · doi:10.31718/2077-1096.23.3.203 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Раннє та правильне встановлення діагнозу ПТСР має вирішальне значення для вибору та успіху терапевтичних втручань [33].”
Examining insomnia disorder and stress generation among individuals who have experienced involuntary job loss
Skobic, I., Pezza, M., Howe, G. W., & Haynes, P. L. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111585 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The relationship between peritraumatic distress, mental health symptoms, and functioning impairment in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 emergency
Carmassi, C., Bertelloni, C. A., Dell’Oste, V., Pedrinelli, V., Fantasia, S., Atti, A.-R., Goracci, A., Nanni, M. G., Massimetti, E., Dell’Osso, L., et al. (2024) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852923006338 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“64 These interventions should promote protective factors, such as personal resources/resilience, and help healthcare workers reprocessing stressful events and use of the most effective and functional long-term coping strategies to prevent the development of PTSD. 66 .”
Early pharmacological interventions for acute traumatic stress symptoms: a network meta-analysis
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Ostuzzi, G., Meader, N., Bisson, J. I., Churchill, R. C., & Barbui, C. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013613 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
From research to the implementation of methods for the treatment and prevention of PTSD
Popiel, A., & Zawadzki, B. (2021) · Przegląd Psychologiczny · doi:10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.7788 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Concerning posttraumatic disorders, “real” prevention may refer to primary and secondary prevention (Howlett & Stein, 2016).”
Background
Problems in choosing treatment options
Samorodskaya, I. V. (2020) · Vrach · doi:10.29296/25877305-2020-08-02 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Depression and Mood Monitoring for Pregnant Women Using IoT-Based Wearables
Devi, D. H., Naresh, R., Kumar, C. N. S. V., Senthilkumar, S., & Jovin, A. A. (2023) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1718-1.ch009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Supporting your colleagues: yes, but how? Exploring the positive and negative support offered by colleagues to child protection workers exposed to a potentially traumatic event at work
Geoffrion, S., Lebrun, G., Arenzon, V., Ménard, F., & Guay, S. (2025) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100184 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Pilot Feasibility Study on a Single-Session Stabilization Group Psychotherapy for Adults with Acute Stress Symptoms
Kim, D., Kim, D., Lee, H., Min, J. Y., & Roh, S. (2021) · Mood and Emotion · doi:10.35986/me.2021.19.3.94 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Early pharmacological interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a network meta-analysis
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Ostuzzi, G., Meader, N., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Barbui, C. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013443 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Despite this, no clinical research has found a positive effect for benzodiazepines in the management of traumatic stress symptoms (Howlett 2016).”
Background
Emotional Distress, Neurobehavioral Symptoms, and Social Functioning among Treatment Seeking Service Members with TBI and PTSD Symptoms
Tate, L. L., Willing, M. M. P., French, L. M., Law, W. A., Sullivan, K. W., & Riggs, D. S. (2021) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2021.1935365 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychotraumatologie
Sanchez, M. (2020) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.kedia.2020.01.0208 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
In reply:
Vanyo, L. Z. (2018) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.11.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Management and treatment of stress-related disorders
van den Heuvel, L. L., & Seedat, S. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0083
Efficacy of an Early Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Acute Stress Disorder in Mexican Earthquake Victims
Durón-Figueroa, R., Cárdenas‐López, G., & Quero, S. (2020) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2020.37
Violência, estressores e sinais iridológicos em mulheres com depressão: um estudo exploratório
Esteves, R. B. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.22.2020.tde-18092020-091058
Childhood Adversities and Preexisting Psychopathology as Predictors of Trauma
Shahly, V., Benjet, C. L., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L. J., & Karam, E. G. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107445130.005
Speaker 2: Murray Stein, USA
Stein, M. B. (2016) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw042.050
Od badań podstawowych do wdrożenia metod terapii i profilaktyki PTSD
Popiel, A., & Zawadzki, B. (2021) · Przegląd Psychologiczny · doi:10.31648/pp.7320 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Interventions for Posttraumatic Disorder in Primary Healthcare Settings
Are, F. G., Espeleta, H. C., Newman, C., Ridings, L. E., Wallis, E., & Hanson, R. F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83469-2_8
Brain Trauma
Ehrenreich, H., Krampe, H., & Sirén, A. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119159322.ch24
Bibliography: Treating the Invisible Wounds of War: Focus on PTSD and TBI
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Pharmacogenomics in psychiatric diseases
Wali, A., Dar, M. A., Ali, A., Rasool, I., Tariq, L., Arafah, A. M., Rehman, M. U., Malla, B. A., & Wali, A. F. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15336-5.00002-6
Biomedical and public health studies on susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder
Jowf, G. I. A. (2023) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230906ga
(Why?) Evidence-Based Treatments for War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Popiel, A., Pragłowska, E., & Zawadzki, B. (2024) · Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny · doi:10.4467/25444972smpp.24.005.19672
Current approaches to psychopharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder
Dzhafarova, N., Evdokimova, T. E., Kalinkin, D. S., & Ter-Israelyan, A. Y. (2024) · Vestnik nevrologii psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery) · doi:10.33920/med-01-2411-11
A brief workplace intervention for anxiety sensitivity aimed at reducing the risk of posttraumatic stress in first responders
Newcombe, B. C., Olthuis, J. V., & Giberson, E. R. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2491467
Post-accident support system: Supporting aircrew safely back into the cockpit
Biswal, P., & Agarwal, A. (2025) · Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine · doi:10.25259/ijasm_22_2024
Hydrocortisone for Secondary Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report
Harrison, V. H., Ameli, P., & Zhang, G. (2025) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaf587
Advancing Empirical Prevention Science: Insights From the Study of Trauma‐Related Symptoms in Public Safety Personnel
White, N. C., & Wagner, S. L. (2026) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.70073
Identification of biopsychosocial factors predictive of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients admitted in emergency department after a trauma
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Prevention and Epidemiology of Trauma-and Stressrelated DisordersPreprint
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Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Trauma: Current Evidence and Future Directions
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Primary prevention and epidemiology of trauma- and stress-related disorders
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Novel Prevention and Treatment Approaches to PTSD
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Authors: Howlett, J. R., & Stein, M. B.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Stein, Murray B
ORCID: Howlett, Jonathon R
Stein, Murray B
Venue: Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-08-28
Volume: 41
Issue: 1
Pages: 357-369
ISSN: 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
1740-634X
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.261
PMC: PMC4677144
OpenAlex: W1479393156
Cited by: 102
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 1.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, prevention, preventive interventions, psychosocial interventions, somatic interventions, preclinical research, translational research, trauma response, DSM-5
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Life Change Events, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute

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