China's bioenergy potential

SANG, TAO; ZHU, WEIXING

doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01064.x

Cited by 104Bioenergy crop production and managementBiofuel production and bioconversionBioeconomy and Sustainability Development

China's bioenergy potential

SANG, TAO, ZHU, WEIXING·2011·GCB Bioenergy

DOI 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01064.x

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Abstract

Despite great enthusiasm about developing renewable energy in China, the country's bioenergy potential remains unclear. Traditional utilization of bioenergy through primarily household combustion of crop residue and fuelwood is still a predominant energy source for rural China. More efficient utilization of ∼300 million tons of crop residues for bioelectricity generation could add a couple of percent of renewable energy to China's total energy production. With <9% of the world's arable land supporting ∼20% of the world's population, China is already a net grain importer and has little extra farmland for producing a significantly additional amount of biofuels from first-generation energy crops, such as maize, sugarcane, and soybean. Second-generation energy crops hold the greatest potential for bioenergy development worldwide. Miscanthus, a native perennial C4 grass that produces high biomass across almost the entire climatic zone of China, is the most promising second-generation energy crop to domesticate and cultivate. A reasonable near-term goal is to produce 1 billion tons of Miscanthus biomass annually from ∼100 million hectares of marginal and degraded land concentrated in northern and northwestern China. This can generate ∼1458 TW h electricity and mitigate ∼1.7 billion tons of CO2 emission from power coal, which account for ∼45% of China's electricity output and ∼28% of CO2 emission in 2007. Furthermore, growing perennial grasses on marginal and degraded land will contribute to the ongoing efforts in China to restore vast areas of land under serious threat of desertification. With this potential taken into account, bioenergy can play a major role in meeting China's rapidly growing energy demand while substantially reducing greenhouse gas emission.

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The direct replacement of grassland by several biofuel crops could enhance local productivity and help maintain ecosystem functions.
“the direct replacement of grassland by several biofuel crops could enhance the local productivity and help maintain the ecosystem functions”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu 2011
Growing energy crops on either low-productive or marginal lands can improve landscape design, and better management practices can reduce the risk of biodiversity loss at locations, although this requires further studies.
“growing energy crops on either low-productive or marginal lands can improve the landscape design, and better management practices can reduce the risk of biodiversity loss at locations, although this requires further studies”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu 2011
Converting all degraded land in China to Miscanthus can achieve 1 billion tons of biofuel feedstock.
“It was estimated by Sang and Zhu (2011) that China has above 100 Mha of land potentially suitable for growing bioenergy crops, and the crops can achieve 1 billion tons of biofuel feedstock if converting all the degraded land to Miscanthus.”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu (2011)
Burning crop residues releases carbon stored in the system and causes air pollution.
“However, as reported by Sang and Zhu (2011), about 200 Mt of crop residues were combusted at low conversion efficiency and above 100 Mt were burned directly in field, releasing more carbon that are already stored in the system and absolutely causing air pollution.”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu (2011)
China has above 100 Mha of land potentially suitable for growing bioenergy crops.
“It was estimated by Sang and Zhu (2011) that China has above 100 Mha of land potentially suitable for growing bioenergy crops, and the crops can achieve 1 billion tons of biofuel feedstock if converting all the degraded land to Miscanthus.”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu (2011)

Crop residues are a potential biofuel production feedstock.
“China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world and has approximately 130 million hectares (Mha) farmland, yielding above 600 million tons (Mt) of crop residues, which is the potential biofuel production feedstock (Jiang et al. 2012;Liu et al.et al. 2012;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu 2011
China yields above 600 million tons of crop residues.
“China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world and has approximately 130 million hectares (Mha) farmland, yielding above 600 million tons (Mt) of crop residues, which is the potential biofuel production feedstock (Jiang et al. 2012;Liu et al.et al. 2012;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu 2011
Above 100 Mt of crop residues in China were burned directly in field.
“However, as reported by Sang and Zhu (2011), about 200 Mt of crop residues were combusted at low conversion efficiency and above 100 Mt were burned directly in field, releasing more carbon that are already stored in the system and absolutely causing air pollution.”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu (2011)
Marginal lands hold a great potential for the production of perennial herbaceous energy crops.
“It has been previously suggested that the marginal lands hold a great potential for the production of perennial herbaceous energy crops (Liu et al. 2012;McCalmont et al. 2017a;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu 2011
About 200 Mt of crop residues in China were combusted at low conversion efficiency.
“However, as reported by Sang and Zhu (2011), about 200 Mt of crop residues were combusted at low conversion efficiency and above 100 Mt were burned directly in field, releasing more carbon that are already stored in the system and absolutely causing air pollution.”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu (2011)
China has approximately 130 million hectares of farmland.
“China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world and has approximately 130 million hectares (Mha) farmland, yielding above 600 million tons (Mt) of crop residues, which is the potential biofuel production feedstock (Jiang et al. 2012;Liu et al.et al. 2012;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu 2011
China has a huge area of low-productive or slope arable lands that can be utilized for growing bioenergy crops.
“China has a huge area of low-productive or slope arable lands that can be utilized for growing bioenergy crops (Fu et al. 2014;Lu et al. 2014;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
From Bioenergy production and environmental impacts (2018) · cites this paper as Sang and Zhu 2011
Energy crops, including cellulosic crops, can be used to produce second-generation bioenergy and minimize the environmental costs.
“Further, energy crops, including cellulosic crops, can be used to produce second-generation bioenergy and minimize the environmental costs [13,14].”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
To reach the bioenergy goal of 10 Mt of bioethanol and 2 Mt of biodiesel in 2020, China will have to leverage currently-available or potentially-available biomass feedstocks from existing crop residues and possible energy crops on lands with marginal productivity that are not currently used.
“To reach the bioenergy goal of 10 Mt of bioethanol (12.7 BL) and 2 Mt of biodiesel (2.3 BL) in 2020 (Fig. 2b), it is essential that China will have to leverage currentlyavailable or potentially-available biomass feedstocks from existing crop residues and possible energy crops on lands with marginal productivity that are not currently used [12,13,15].”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
The estimated area of marginal lands in China that can be cultivated for biofuel cropping ranges from 3 to 100 M ha.
“The estimated area of marginal lands in China that can be cultivated for biofuel cropping range from 3 to 100 M ha (Fig. 3b) [12][13][14][15]19,39,40,[45][46][47][48][49].”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
Biomass harvested from existing crop residues and marginal lands is less likely to jeopardize food production or land availability for food cropping.
“Biomass harvested from these sources is less likely to jeopardize food production or land availability for food cropping [13][14][15].”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
Switchgrass and Miscanthus can be grown on most marginal lands.
“Switchgrass and Miscanthus are not listed; they can be grown on most marginal lands[13,14].”
From Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment (2018) · cites this paper as [13]

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Biomass and biofuels in China: Toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment
Qin, Z., Zhuang, Q., Cai, X., He, Y., Huang, Y., Jiang, D., Lin, E., Liu, Y., Tang, Y., & Wang, M. Q. (2018) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.073 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Assessment of the production potentials of Miscanthus on marginal land in China
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Bioenergy production and environmental impacts
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Variability and adaptability of Miscanthus species evaluated for energy crop domestication
YAN, J., CHEN, W., LUO, F., MA, H., MENG, A., LI, X., ZHU, M., LI, S., ZHOU, H., ZHU, W., et al. (2012) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01108.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citation
Biofuel, land and water: maize, switchgrass orMiscanthus?
Zhuang, Q., Qin, Z., & Chen, M. (2013) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015020 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Carbon consequences and agricultural implications of growing biofuel crops on marginal agricultural lands in China
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Sequestration of C in soils under Miscanthus can be marginal and is affected by genotype-specific root distribution
Richter, G. M., Agostini, F., Redmile-Gordon, M., White, R., & Goulding, K. W. T. (2015) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.11.011 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Yield potential of <scp>M</scp>iscanthus energy crops in the <scp>L</scp>oess <scp>P</scp>lateau of <scp>C</scp>hina
Liu, W., Yan, J., Li, J., & Sang, T. (2012) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01157.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Switchgrass as a bioenergy crop in the Loess Plateau, China: Potential lignocellulosic feedstock production and environmental conservation
Cooney, D., Kim, H., Quinn, L., Lee, M.-S., Guo, J., CHEN, S.-L., XU, B.-C., & Lee, D. K. (2017) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(16)61587-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Predicting the impacts of climate change on the potential distribution of major native non-food bioenergy plants in China
Wang, W., Tang, X., Zhu, Q., Pan, K., Hu, Q., He, M., & Li, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111587 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Authors: SANG, T., & ZHU, W.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
Binghamton University (US)
Corresponding author: SANG, TAO
ORCID: SANG, TAO
ZHU, WEIXING
Venue: GCB Bioenergy
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-02-28
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 79-90
ISSN: 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01064.x
OpenAlex: W1936979338
Cited by: 104
References: 96
Citations by year: 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 16.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1646 d)
Locations: GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
Keywords: bioenergy potential, China, crop residues, bioelectricity generation, fuelwood, household energy consumption, second-generation biofuels, Miscanthus, perennial grasses, land restoration, desertification, CO2 emission reduction, renewable energy, energy demand

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