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THEORY OF GENERALIZABILITY: A LIBERALIZATION OF RELIABILITY THEORY†
Abstract
“Reliability theory” is reinterpreted as a theory regarding the adequac with which one can generalize from one observation to a universe of observations. If the observation is randomly sampled from the universe—whether or not the universe consists of equivalent observations—the intraclass correlation provides an approximate lower bound to the expected value of the desired coefficient of generalizability.
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“G-theory, a robust statistical methodology pioneered by Cronbach etal. (1963, 1972), offers a comprehensive analysis of the reliability and generalizability of assessment scores obtained from psychometric scales. It also identifies specific error sources potentially influencing measurements.”
From Investigating state and trait aspects of resilience using Generalizability theory (2024) · cites this paper as Cronbach et al., 1963
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Nominally and Rigorously Parallel Test Forms
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“Although GT was introduced over a half-century ago (Cronbach et al., 1963), the application of this analytic approach to the empirical evaluation of school-based assessment data was limited until recently.”
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“As pointed out, however, by Cronbach, Rajaratnam, and Gleser (1963), explicit random sampling is not required.”
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“It is named Generalizability Theory because it estimates the extent to which the influence of any specific source of error variance can be generalized to all possible situations and contexts as opposed to only the specific testing situation for which the data had been obtained (Cronbach et al., 1963).”
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“Because of its compatibility with complex designs, G-theory is highly popular in investigating PAs [5,6].”
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“G theory–based methods (Cronbach et al., 1963; Shavelson & Webb, 2009): Originating in psychology and educational measurement, G theory is a method traditionally used to evaluate factors affecting reliability of test scores and performance ratings.”
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“More in-depth treatments of IRT are given by Hambleton (1989), Hambleton and Swamanathan (1985), and Hulin, Drasgow, and Parsons (1983), whereas Brennan (1983) and Cronbach et al. (1963, 1972) give in-depth coverage of Generalizability Theory.”
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“Other statistical methods such as Classical Test Theory and its extension, Generalisability Theory (Cronbach et al ., 1963), are not able to estimate the contribution of each individual item of the scale to the overall latent trait because they do not differentiate between item dif fi culty based on individual ability…”
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“(p. 766) With an approach based on generalizability theory (Brennan, 2001; Cronbach et al., 1963), we adopted the two-way ANOVA random effects model with an absolute agreement for each analysis, with participants and different types of raters as random factors.”
MethodGeneralizability and Decision Studies of a Treatment Adherence Instrument
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“…and Wundtian perspectives, the Cronbachian paradigm assumes that both psychological phenomena and measurement types reflect multiple causal factors, and it is necessary to model these factors in order to provide a comprehensive personality model (Cronbach et al., 1963; Cronbach et al., 1972).”
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“Generalizability theory (GT; [1–4]) offers an effective framework for accounting for multiple sources of measurement error when assessing the accuracy of measurement data and subsequently using that information to evaluate and improve assessment procedures.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cronbach, L. J., Rajaratnam, N., & Gleser, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rajaratnam, Nageswari
- Venue
- British Journal of Statistical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1963-11
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-163
- ISSN
- 0950-561X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2023420063
- Cited by
- 737
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 40.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Statistical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- generalizability theory, reliability theory, intraclass correlation coefficient, random sampling, lower bounds, measurement reliability
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