Levilactobacillus brevis from carnivores can ameliorate hypercholesterolemia: In vitro and in vivo mechanistic evidence
Abstract
Aims: The aim was to explore the probiotic and hypocholesterolaemic potential of two Levilactobacillus brevis strains of carnivore origin along with selected underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results: Levilactobacillus brevis MT950194 and L. brevis MW365351 were analysed in vitro for oro-gastro-intestinal stress tolerance, cholesterol reduction, cholesterol adsorption (through scanning electron microscopy) and bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Strains could survive (>80%) in oro-gastro-intestinal conditions and reduce high amount of cholesterol (35% and 54%) from media containing bile salts (0.3%) as compared with Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and presented the least pathogenicity towards mammalian cells. Exopolysaccharide production, cell surface cholesterol adherence and BSH activity were witnessed as possible cholesterol-lowering mechanisms. In in vivo experiment, the treatments of hypercholesterolaemic rats with L. brevis MT950194, L. brevis MW365351 and their mixture led to significant (p < 0.05) reduction in serum and hepatic cholesterol, low-density lipids, cholesterol ratio, liver steatosis and size of adipocytes. It further ameliorated diet-induced changes in hepatic enzymes. Conclusions: Levilactobacillus brevis MT950194 and L. brevis MW365351 from carnivores have probiotic pharmacological potential and can reduce serum cholesterol through surface adherence and BSH production. Significance and Impact of the Study: These strains may be utilized in treating hypercholesterolaemia and production of low-fat functional foods.
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L. brevis bile tolerance and cholesterol-lowering activity in vitro are consistent with multiple bsh gene copies.
“Genomic analyses indicate that L. brevis carries multiple bsh gene copies of different subtypes [9], consistent with observed bile tolerance and cholesterol‐lowering activity in vitro [28–30].”
From Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity in the Food-Derived Strain Levilactobacillus brevis M3R3: Genomic and Functional Characterization (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
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Agolino, G., Cristofolini, M., Ronsivalle, M. A., Cattivelli, A., Tagliazucchi, D., Caggia, C., Solieri, L., & Randazzo, C. L. (2026) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10810-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Genomic analyses indicate that L. brevis carries multiple bsh gene copies of different subtypes [9], consistent with observed bile tolerance and cholesterol ‐ lowering activity in vitro [28–30].”
- Authors
- Munir, A., Javed, G. A., Javed, S., & Arshad, N.
- Affiliations
- University of the Punjab (PK)
- University of Lahore (PK)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-09-01
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1725-1742
- ISSN
- 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2672
- OpenAlex
- W4283315615
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- Lactobacillus brevis, probiotics, hypercholesterolemia, bile salt hydrolase, cholesterol adsorption, exopolysaccharide production, liver cholesterol, hepatic steatosis, adipocyte size, functional foods
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Cholesterol, Hypercholesterolemia, Lactobacillaceae, Mammals, Probiotics, Rats, Levilactobacillus brevis
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