Cited by 775Psychology of Development and EducationEarly Childhood Education and DevelopmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Urie Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Human Development: Its Evolution From Ecology to Bioecology

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Rosa, Edinete Maria, Tudge, Jonathan·2013·Journal of Family Theory & Review

DOI 10.1111/jftr.12022

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Abstract

We describe the evolution, over three phases, of Bronfenbrenner's theory from an ecological to a bioecological theory. Phase 1 (1973–1979) culminated in the publication of The Ecology of Human Development (1979). Phase 2 (1980–1993) saw almost immediate modifications to the theory, with more attention paid to the role of the individual and greater concern with developmental processes. In Phase 3 (1993–2006), proximal processes were defined and placed at the heart of bioecological theory, and from 1998, the Process‐Person‐Context‐Time ( PPCT ) model was described as the theory's appropriate research design. Given the extent of these changes, and to avoid theoretical incoherence, scholars should be cautious about stating that their research is based on Bronfenbrenner's theory without specifying which version they are using .

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The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
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Background
Needs, parenting practices, and dissemination of information on social-emotional skills and development of infants
Costa, P., de Andrade, P. R., Cintra, T. F. G., Cordeiro, S. M., Mandetta, M. A., & Veríssimo, M. D. L. Ó. R. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0296 · Cited by 6
Developmental ecosystems of study abroad in a turbulent time: an Australian-Chinese’s experience in multilingual Hong Kong
Tong, P., An, I. S., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2022.2101654 · Cited by 6
“These ecological environments need to be viewed interdependently and through the perceptions and understanding of the developing person (Rosa and Tudge 2013).”
Background
What School Leaders Are Doing to Support a Culture of Character: An Exploratory Study With Preschools in Singapore
Carter, M. A., & Dasson, M. (2017) · Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/00094056.2017.1275234 · Cited by 6
Understanding High-Quality Inclusive Education across Early Childhood Settings.
Love, H. R. (2018) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 6
Their voices matter: student and professional perspectives on overcoming school attendance problems in the context of social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties
Enderle, C., Kotschy, L., Ricking, H., & Kreitz-Sandberg, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1627098 · Cited by 5
Health-related quality of life among adults living with chronic non-communicable diseases in the Ho Municipality of Ghana: a health facility-based cross-sectional study
Witts, W. K., Amu, H., Dowou, R. K., Kwafo, F. O., & Bain, L. E. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18143-3 · Cited by 7
“Subsequently, numerous scholarly inquiries have embraced and adapted this model to delineate the diverse strata of influence within a specific milieu [19].”
Background
Family obligation moderates longitudinal associations between parental psychological control and adjustment of urban adolescents
Dizon, L. C. T., & Alampay, L. P. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254241233532 · Cited by 10
“Theories have emphasized the importance of culture and family in understanding outcomes, which occur in a system of relations (e.g., Kerr & Bowen, 1988; Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Aportes de la teoría bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner a la investigación e intervención educativa
Esteban‐Guitart, M., Sierralta-Covarrubias, A., Searle, D., & Subero, D. (2024) · Innovación educativa · doi:10.15304/ie.34.9638 · Cited by 5
Documentation of contrast hypersensitivity reactions: a socio-ecological scoping review
Singh, C., Spuur, K. M., Rose, L., Jones, D., Irwin, P., & Yun, J. (2025) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2025.112539 · Cited by 7
Current and Future Needs of Gerontological Social Work Practice in Alberta: Findings from the World Café at the Gerontological Symposium in Edmonton, Canada
Azulai, A., Tong, H., Quinn, K., & Mykietka, K. (2022) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2022.2047860 · Cited by 5
“A mesosystem refers to “relations among two or more microsystems in which the [individual] actively participates’' (Rosa & Tudge, 2013, p. 246), which results in larger organizational structures.”
BackgroundInfluential
Trauma-Informed Cultural Humility Mental Health Practice: Centering History among African American Women
Hong, S. H. (2023) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swad045 · Cited by 5
La Teoría de los Sistemas Ecológicos de Urie Bronfenbrenner como marco para comprender la deserción universitaria
Niebles, M. B. (2023) · Collectivus Revista de Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.15648/collectivus.vol10num2.2023.3823 · Cited by 5
Early parenting styles and children’s social skills in China: a longitudinal exploration of mediating mechanism
Huang, H., Hu, B., Curby, T. W., Gao, X., & Lv, B. (2024) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2024.2404007 · Cited by 5
“In particular, the interpersonal relationships developed by parents and their children in daily interactions, constitutes an important source of feelings of closeness with the parent (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Positive, negative, and ambivalent: Indian parents’ attitudes to and mediation methods of children’s digital media use
Attavar, S., & Rani, P. (2025) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2446685 · Cited by 4
“…context of multiple, interconnected environmental systems. this theory emphasizes the importance of considering various environmental layers, from immediate family relationships to broader societal influences, in shaping a child’s development and behavior (Bronfenbrenner, 1977; Rosa & tudge, 2013).”
The elusive associations of nucleotides with human success: evolutionary genetics in education and social policies
Govindaraju, D. R., & Goldstein, A. M. (2025) · Evolution Education and Outreach · doi:10.1186/s12052-025-00218-3 · Cited by 5
“From an ecological perspective, the niche of any organism represents an n -dimensional hypervolume (Hutchinson 1957; Rosa and Tudge 2013).”
The importance of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory for early childhood educators and early childhood education
Tudge, J. R. H. (2020) · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Quality Improvement and Preschool Teacher Competence in Sweden
Garvis, S., Williams, P., & Sheridan, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73182-3_7 · Cited by 5
Islamic Parenting Model to Increase Family Literacy: A Mixed Method Study
Purwandari, S., Husna, A. N., & Tawil, T. (2022) · International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology · doi:10.18196/ijiep.v3i2.14039 · Cited by 5
Dimensions of a healthy lifestyle among early adolescents: The simultaneous contribution of spirituality and family cohesiveness.
Mahensa, I. R., Kinanthi, M. R., & Febriani, Z. (2022) · Indigenous Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.23917/indigenous.v7i3.19840 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 and Parent-Child Interactions: Children’s Educational Opportunities and Parental Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Shahali, A., Hajhosseini, M., & Jahromi, R. G. (2023) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.220033 · Cited by 7
Learning Family: Concept, Measurement and the Effect on Individuals’ Behaviors
Kong, M., & Lu, Y. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111061 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, the PPCT model of the bioecological system theory has been used to build a mature and comprehensive theoretical framework by emphasizing the comprehensive effects of process, person, context, and time on individual development [11,24].”
Children of the Great Recession
Sonnier‐Netto, L., & Zvonkovic, A. (2017) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12221 · Cited by 5
Mining-Related Lower Back Injuries and the Compensation Process: An Injured Worker’s Journey
Mongeau, S., Lightfoot, N., MacEwan, L., & Eger, T. (2019) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/2165079919870827 · Cited by 5
“The ecological systems theory was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner and focuses on the quality and context of an individual’s life in a system of relationships that form his or her environment (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Background
Racial/Ethnic Minority Families
Roy, R. N., James, A. G., & Brown, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-020-09712-w · Cited by 5
Xenophobia in Higher Education in South Africa
Mudau, T. S., & Khanare, F. P. (2020) · Advances in religious and cultural studies (ARCS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7099-9.ch010 · Cited by 5
Emerging adulthood among backpackers: The contribution of internal and external factors to sense of community
Weiss‐Dagan, S., Levy, D., Refaeli, T., & Itzhaky, H. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22524 · Cited by 5
‘The Drugs Did For Me What I Couldn’t Do For Myself’: A Qualitative Exploration of the Relationship Between Mental Health and Amphetamine-Type Stimulant (ATS) Use
Spencer, L. P., Addison, M. T., Alderson, H., McGovern, W., McGovern, R., Kaner, E., & O'Donnell, A. J. (2021) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/11782218211060852 · Cited by 5
When uncertainty becomes the norm: The Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital’s Speech Therapy and Audiology Department’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Balton, S., Vallabhjee, A. L., & Pillay, S. C. (2022) · South African Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.4102/sajcd.v69i2.913 · Cited by 7
“Figure 1 outlines Bronfenbrenner’s Process-person-context-time (PPCT) model (Bronfenbrenner, 2005; Rosa & Tudge, 2013; Tudge et al., 2009), which frames our discussion in this article.”
The moderating effect of parenting stress on temperament and social competence in early childhood
Veziroğlu-Çelik, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03802-8 · Cited by 9
“In work on children’s developmental outcomes, the interactions of personal characteristics and environmental factors come to the fore since their effects vary according to the individual (Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, 1994 ; Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000 ; Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Consequences of Bullying in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood: An Ecological Perspective
Smokowski, P. R., & Evans, C. B. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20293-4_3 · Cited by 5
Family Context Assessment to Promote Language and Reading Abilities in 6-Year-Old Children
Agirregoikoa, A., Acha, J., Barreto‐Zarza, F., & Freijo, E. B. A. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11010026 · Cited by 5
Parents’ Wisdom and Adolescents’ Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Developmental Qualities
Mazloom, M. Z., Ardelt, M., Asadi, S., & Dehghani, F. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x231155650 · Cited by 5
“Early human development takes place within the family in the microsystem context through the interactions among all family members (Pomerantz & Thompson, 2008; Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Background
Nature-based Learning in Early Childhood Education
Uluay, G. (2024) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub534.c2205 · Cited by 4
Beyond rankings: a multidimensional analysis of factors shaping student achievement in the PISA 2022 dataset
Erdoğdu, F., & Erdoğdu, E. (2025) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2025.2506807 · Cited by 4
“The research is anchored in well-regarded theoretical frameworks, including Bronfen-brenner’s ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1986; Rosa & Tudge, 2013), Using data from the PISA 2022 assessment, econometric models are constructed to analyse these relationships, offering insights…”
The relationship between family-school-community collaboration and students’ academic achievement: A Moderated Mediation Model
Lv, X., Yan, R., & Wang, S. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2025.102774 · Cited by 4
Social Support and Students’ Interest in Chemistry: Unpacking the Roles of Chemistry Self-Efficacy and Learning Strategies
Chen, G., Zhang, X., & Lin, S. (2026) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5c00810 · Cited by 4
Integrating artificial intelligence into neo-ecological theory
Navarro, J. L. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-09006-0 · Cited by 4
“Bron-fenbrenner himself often revised his theory to reflect new research findings and cultural shifts (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”

Authors: Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
ORCID: Tudge, Jonathan
Venue: Journal of Family Theory & Review
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-12
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 243-258
ISSN: 1756-2570 (ISSN-L)
1756-2589
DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12022
OpenAlex: W1675192189
Semantic Scholar: 5ad78d042a25ab1c40f7ad12f034e7f019951c62
Cited by: 775
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 39.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
libres.uncg.edu
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1 d)
Locations: Journal of Family Theory & Review (publishedVersion)
NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychology of Development and Education
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: Bronfenbrenner, bioecological model, ecological systems theory, human development theory, proximal processes, Process-Person-Context-Time model, developmental processes

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Urie Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Human Development: Its Evolution From Ecology to Bioecology

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