Cited by 775Psychology of Development and EducationEarly Childhood Education and DevelopmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Urie Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Human Development: Its Evolution From Ecology to Bioecology

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Rosa, Edinete Maria, Tudge, Jonathan·2013·Journal of Family Theory & Review

DOI 10.1111/jftr.12022

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Abstract

We describe the evolution, over three phases, of Bronfenbrenner's theory from an ecological to a bioecological theory. Phase 1 (1973–1979) culminated in the publication of The Ecology of Human Development (1979). Phase 2 (1980–1993) saw almost immediate modifications to the theory, with more attention paid to the role of the individual and greater concern with developmental processes. In Phase 3 (1993–2006), proximal processes were defined and placed at the heart of bioecological theory, and from 1998, the Process‐Person‐Context‐Time ( PPCT ) model was described as the theory's appropriate research design. Given the extent of these changes, and to avoid theoretical incoherence, scholars should be cautious about stating that their research is based on Bronfenbrenner's theory without specifying which version they are using .

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The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
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Background
Uma proposta conceitual para o estudo comportamental do desenvolvimento e criatividade individual: A árvore de comportamentos
Filho, H. B. N., Leite, F. L., Araripe, N. B., & Picanço, C. R. F. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva · doi:10.31505/rbtcc.v21i3.1341 · Cited by 3
Determinants of Social Disorganization as Predictors of Illicit Drug Use During Recessionary Years
Westmoreland, D. K. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 3
Introduction to the Special Issue: Theorizing Families
Blume, L. B., Fine, M. A., & Milardo, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12250 · Cited by 3
Autonomous Expression and Creative Connection: An exploration of art-making with neurodivergent people in regional Australia
Gentle, E. (2018) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) · Cited by 3
The Potential Impact of Online Learning on Economically Disadvantaged Students
Tartaglia, A. M. (2020) · doi:10.70013/h4mx1bl7 · Cited by 3
Ecological Systems Theory in Media Research
Gee, E. R. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0161 · Cited by 4
Community-Based Interventions to Improve Well-Being of Youth in a High-Risk Community in South Africa: Researcher’s Experiences and Implementation Outcomes
Schalkwyk, I. V. (2022) · Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85924-4_17 · Cited by 3
Teachers' perceptions of the barriers to effective teaching in Qatar's government schools
Abu‐Shawish, R. K. (2024) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12711 · Cited by 2
Movement and physical activity experiences of early childhood teachers: practices and contexts / Experiencias con el movimiento y la actividad física en los docentes de preescolar: prácticas y contextos
Santiago-Saamong, C. R., Oropilla, C. T., Chan, D. K. C., & Capio, C. M. (2024) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1177/02103702241302290 · Cited by 2
“Esta teoría ha sido sometida a diversas iteraciones en los últimos años (Rosa & Tudge, 2013), cambiando su enfoque de sistemas más remotos a la relevancia de las interacciones sostenidas de las personas con su entorno inme-diato como impulsores del desarrollo (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Influential
Developmental changes in youth’s unsupervised time across middle childhood and early adolescence
Simpkins, S. D., Gülseven, Z., & Vandell, D. L. (2024) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2024.2438124 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, the increases in unsupervised time may vary across ecological transitions, such as moving from elementary to middle school (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Embodied learning in the Society 5.0: Physical literacy as an epistemological framework for contemporary physical education
Cereda, F. (2025) · EDUCATION SCIENCES AND SOCIETY · doi:10.3280/ess1-2025oa19749 · Cited by 2
Context quality and social-emotional competencies for children and youth in residential care – A scoping review
Carvalho, J. M. S., Bártolo, A., & Araújo, A. M. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108480 · Cited by 2
Pembentukan Karakter Siswa dalam Konteks Lingkungan Sekolah dan Keluarga serta Komunitas Perspektif Ekologi Bronfenbrenner
Oktaviana, R., Khiftiyah, U., Yuliani, F., & Utari, W. D. (2023) · Bulletin of Indonesian Islamic Studies · doi:10.51214/biis.v2i2.1433 · Cited by 2
A narrative review of factors associated with drink driving and drug driving in rural areas from a socioecological perspective
Buckley, L., & Watling, H. (2025) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2025.2561611 · Cited by 2
“The model emphasises reciprocal interactions between a person’s characteristics (person-level factors) and processes in their environment (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006; Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Homeless but not Hopeless: Unveiling the Harsh Realities of Street Children and Need-Based Interventions for Long-Term Protection
Ohab, M. A., & Shovo, T.-E.-A. (2025) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-025-10312-z · Cited by 3
“…is the temporal aspect of the eco-developmental model that captures different levels of the ever-changing contexts of development regarding personal and societal trajectories or changes that alter development streams through environmental shifts (Bronfen-brenner, 1994 ; Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Family-centered mental health care for left-behind children in Chinese ethnic minority concentrated areas: a psychiatric nursing framework for rural education settings
Rong, Y., & Yuan, G. F. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1709606 · Cited by 2
Challenging school-related situations faced by students with dyslexia: a scoping review
Morinaj, J., Prinz, K., Fischer, U., Tönnissen, L., Hofmann, C., Plank, J., Hövel, D. C., Schabmann, A., Gasteiger‐Klicpera, B., & Schmidt, B. M. (2025) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-025-00356-9 · Cited by 6
The failure to protect the rights and needs of children in Gaza
Bessell, S., & O'Sullivan, C. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1708975 · Cited by 4
Reflecting on the importance of bridging the gap: Integrating environmental and occupational justice for inclusive well-being
Yazıcı, M. R., Yazıcı, G. Z., & Akyürek, G. (2026) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2026.2615783 · Cited by 3
“…interact within these interrelated systems, from households to broader social structures, with poor housing, limited transportation, and environmental degradation disrupting occupational opportunities and well-being, particularly in structurally vulnerable communities (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Examining Latent Factors of a Learning Environment Survey Study as Predictors of Bilingual Students’ Academic Performance
Rivera, H. H., Chang, H., Raeisi‐Vanani, A., Zhu, Y., & Jiménez, D. (2026) · Journal of Latinos and Education · doi:10.1080/15348431.2026.2627910 · Cited by 2
“…the exosystem, reflecting external influences such as parental workplace conditions; and the macrosystem, which captures overarching cultural and societal expectations surrounding education and language (Ebadi et al., 2024; Navarro & Tudge, 2023; Rosa & Tudge, 2013; Tiv et al., 2022).”
Challenges of School Disengagement: Exploring Community and Peer Influences on High School Student Dropout in Rural uMhlathuze, South Africa
Nhlenyama, L. S., & Adewumi, S. A. (2026) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci15050283 · Cited by 2
The Utrecht Virtual Learning Environment Project: Improving Educational Partnerships in Multicultural Preschools
Francot, R., Broekhuizen, M. L., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2019) · ORBIS SCHOLAE · doi:10.14712/23363177.2019.22 · Cited by 2
“For optimal development of the child it is essential that there is coherence and continuity between the microsystems, such as the (pre)school and the family context (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Background
Theories and Models in Systems Thinking
Gonzales, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-4558-4_1 · Cited by 2
The Job Stress Intervention Matrix: A New Conceptual Framework for Higher Education in the Post-COVID World
Friedman, B. A., Keida, E., & Zaaeed, N. (2021) · The BRC Academy Journal of Business · doi:10.15239/j.brcacadjb.2021.11.01.ja03 · Cited by 2
Development of a theoretical framework for examining youth worker perspectives on their relationships with adolescents and emerging adults in the United States
Forrester, P. (2021) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/14733250211039513 · Cited by 5
“…events on an individual’s development over time (e.g., systemic racism in institutions with which a youth worker interacts prevents the provision of adequate services for Black adolescents living in communities historically neglected by local government) (Rosa and Tudge, 2013: 249–250, 253–254).”
BackgroundInfluential
Predicting Infidelity in the Context of Race and Ethnicity
Campbell, K. M., Brown, T. L., & McKinley, B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197502891.013.2 · Cited by 2
Understanding Adolescent Behavior and Victimization of Special Populations Through Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
Williams, Y. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12930-8_18 · Cited by 2
“Healthy Kids”—A capacity building approach for the early childhood education and care sector
Brown, A., Philipson, A., Dunstan, K., & Frazer‐Ryan, S. (2023) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1002/hpja.694 · Cited by 4
Unintended Consequences of “Breast Is Best” Messaging on Mothers: An Autoethnography
Hemeon, J., Norris, D., Stahlke, S., & Lordly, D. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research · doi:10.3148/cjdpr-2022-038 · Cited by 2
Educational Practices On Combating Early School Leaving
Anghel, G. A., Voicu, C. D., & Neacșa, R. (2023) · European Proceedings of Educational Sciences · doi:10.15405/epes.23045.84 · Cited by 2
Perspectives on Sexual Socialization from a Sample of Black Heterosexual College Women
Frederick, H., Wade, J., Parker, S., Dillon, H., Durocher, S., & Wilson, D. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x231194284 · Cited by 2
“The chronosystem in ﬂ uence involves changes over time and their impact on development (Rosa and Tudge, 2013).”

Authors: Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
ORCID: Tudge, Jonathan
Venue: Journal of Family Theory & Review
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-12
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 243-258
ISSN: 1756-2570 (ISSN-L)
1756-2589
DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12022
OpenAlex: W1675192189
Semantic Scholar: 5ad78d042a25ab1c40f7ad12f034e7f019951c62
Cited by: 775
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 39.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
libres.uncg.edu
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1 d)
Locations: Journal of Family Theory & Review (publishedVersion)
NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychology of Development and Education
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: Bronfenbrenner, bioecological model, ecological systems theory, human development theory, proximal processes, Process-Person-Context-Time model, developmental processes

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Urie Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Human Development: Its Evolution From Ecology to Bioecology

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