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Urie Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Human Development: Its Evolution From Ecology to Bioecology
Open accessAbstract
We describe the evolution, over three phases, of Bronfenbrenner's theory from an ecological to a bioecological theory. Phase 1 (1973–1979) culminated in the publication of The Ecology of Human Development (1979). Phase 2 (1980–1993) saw almost immediate modifications to the theory, with more attention paid to the role of the individual and greater concern with developmental processes. In Phase 3 (1993–2006), proximal processes were defined and placed at the heart of bioecological theory, and from 1998, the Process‐Person‐Context‐Time ( PPCT ) model was described as the theory's appropriate research design. Given the extent of these changes, and to avoid theoretical incoherence, scholars should be cautious about stating that their research is based on Bronfenbrenner's theory without specifying which version they are using .
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“These iterations were developed across three distinct phases: (a) 1973-1979, (b) 1983-1993, and (c) 1993-2006 (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Rosa & Tudge, 2013
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“Bronfenbrenner’s theory, being fully developed by the turn of the century (Rosa & Tudge, 2013), did not consider the impact of developing in the digital age.”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Rosa & Tudge, 2013
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Citations
Cites
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
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“…process indicated that he considered them as almost always acting in a positive way on developmental outcomes, whether by promoting outcomes of competence or by diminishing the possibility of dysfunctional outcomes (1994; Bronfenbrenner & Ceci, 1993, 1994; Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998, 2006).”
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“Thus, the macrosystems can influence the functioning of a child’s immediate environment and affect developmental processes (Bronfenbrenner, 1974; Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
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“Demand characteristics (e.g. attractive vs. unattractive appearance, age, gender) function as personal catalysts that can impact how proximal processes are developed by inviting or discouraging social reactions from the environment (Rosa and Tudge 2013).”
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“…the role of the macro-system on the development of logical thinking, and its weight compared to the weight of microsystem factors, which can establish a more comprehensive map of the factors of influence on this cognitive ability according to the ecological system theory (Rosa and Tudge 2013).”
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“Adapting Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems framework, 16 we can divide potential factors associated with HRQOL into 3 inter-related levels based on their proximity to the patient (Figure 1): characteristics of the individual (i.e., age, initial diagnosis, time since heart transplant, illness…”
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“…the three domains will be stronger in early childhood (when executive functions and empathy develop; Carlson, 2005; Simon & Nader-Grosbois, 2023) or during a major ecological transition (i.e., transition to school) than in periods of developmental and ecological stability (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
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“Beyond children’s immediate environments, governing rules or policies, as well as religious beliefs or ideologies can influence their development (see also Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
BackgroundDiscussion: Cross-Cultural Adaptation Within the Bioecological Systems Theory
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“Theoretically we know that individuals are affected by the relational contexts in which they reside as well as that relational contexts are affected by the individuals that constitute them (e.g., person-process-context-time model; Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2007; see also Rosa & Tudge, 2013 ).”
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“Microsystem is the first level of SEST, and it represents where the caregivers of children with ASD and the immediate family subsystems (couple, parental, siblings), extended family members, friends, and neighbours reside, and their relationships (Rosa & Tudge, 2013; Seligman & Darling, 2017).”
BackgroundMethod“You can’t do all”: Caregiver Experiences of Stress and Support Across Ecological Contexts
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“Proximal processes, at the core of this framework, are de fi ned as the reciprocal interactions between the developing individual and persons, objects or symbols within the immediate ecological context (Rosa & Tudge, 2013; Tudge et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHealy, D., & Griffin, D. (2022) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/10439862221138678 · Cited by 2
“Accordingly, changes in one micro-system may be influenced by events in a different micro-system, meaning a systemic approach is required to fully understand developments at the micro-level (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
BackgroundByrd, T. J., Glass, T. E., Desmet, O. A., & Olenchak, F. R. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081036 · Cited by 4
“Additionally, some scholars critique the theory’s limited attention to individual agency and its potential for environmental determinism (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
Stress in childhood and the risk of type 1 diabetes
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“It is in the family context that the child develops, in interaction with the other family members and their own personal characteristics (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
BackgroundEcological Engagement: Systematic Review on the Use of the Research Method
Coscioni, V., da Fonseca, H. R. R., & Koller, S. H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27905-9_4 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial Assessment of Alleged Victims of Child Maltreatment
Scannapieco, M., Connell‐Carrick, K., & Casolaro, T. E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00635-8_16 · Cited by 2
Bauman, S. A., & Taylor, A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0005 · Cited by 2
Riggs, C. (2020) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20350255 · Cited by 2
“Bronfenbrenner (1979/1996) suggested that active, growing human beings can create contextual and developmental change through high levels of incentive and perseverance (Cigrand et al., 2015; Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
BackgroundPicher, M. E. (2019) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Monyane, M. A. (2020) · Cited by 2
Niland, R., & Nearchou, F. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/g7r8a · Cited by 3
Evaluation of a school-based health promotion intervention in a resource-constrained community
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“Cet article s’inscrit dans le modèle bioécologique de Bronfenbrenner qui étudie l’interaction entre les humains et leur environnement dans une perspective écologique, systémique et relationnelle (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1986 ; Drapeau, 2008 ; Rosa et Tudge, 2013).”
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“Bronfenbrenner’s original ecological theory (1974) has been refined throughout recent decades to encompass current contextual factors and social changes (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
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“Bronfenbrenner has developed and changed the theory in later phases (Rosa & Tudge, 2013), but the main principle was always the ecological paradigm: human development is viewed as emerging from the interactions between individuals and the contexts in which they are situated (Mer-çon-Vargas et al.,…”
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“Later developments of Bronfenbrenner's original model, both by Bronfenbrenner himself (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006) and others such as Rosa and Tudge (2013) placed even more stress on personalization to individual characteristics in the unique system around the child, including the effects of…”
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“Some interpretations of this model use detailed examinations of environmental contexts and processes where factors (and constructs) are directly connected to a central individual (ego) [101, 102].”
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“…individual/behavioral, family, and social/environmental factors contribute to health, such that proximal level factors usually have more significant influence on health outcomes than distal level factors (Bronfenbrenner 1979; Rosa and Tudge 2013; Common Fund, 2017; Jalali et al. 2020a, 2020b).”
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“Compared to the earlier version, the revised framework emphasized on the dimensions of ‘process’ and ‘time’, and assumed that the elements of ‘process, person, context, and time’ interact simultaneously to influence human development in complex, non-additive ways [14, 15].”
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“Throughout his career, Bronfenbrenner worked to expand and fine tune BEM by informing it with experimental research or new research on development, such as human genetic expression (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
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“…environments surrounding the individual, scholars also emphasize that individual characteristics, such as personal interest, self-efficacy, social interactions with others, etc., function as integral components of microsystem influences (Neal & Neal, 2013; Rosa & Tudge, 2013; Tudge et al., 2009).”
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“The ecological environment is conceptualized as a series of interconnected layers, each exerting its own influence (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006; Ebadi et al., 2024; Rosa & Tudge, 2013; Tiv et al., 2022).”
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“The intention, following ecocultural thinking [55], was to understand the factors systemically or interdependently, considering both activities and experience [61].”
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“…en hul omgewing wat die mikro-, meso-, ekso-, makroen chrono-sisteme insluit (Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000:120; Hong & Espelage, 2012:311-317; Rosa & Tudge, 2013:251-256; Swart & Bredenkamp, 2009:407-407; Tudge et al., 2009: www.koersjournal.org.za dx.doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.81.1.2260 200-202, 207).”
BackgroundInfluentialLanglais, M. R. (2016) · Family Science Review · doi:10.26536/fsr.2016.21.01.01 · Cited by 2
“Describing and analyzing these subsystems provides a foundation for understanding the importance of context in human development (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
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“…interactions between people have the stronger impact on development, while in solo activities the objects, symbols, and settings take precedence (Rosa & Tudge, 2013); although when considered within the context of a given microsystem, such as school, the interactions with people are the most…”
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“Based on the ecology theory (Brofenbrenner, 1979; Rosa & Tudge, 2013), in the microsystem where these participants live, smokers are common to be seen.”
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“…these inequalities need to be interpreted beyond the individual characteristics of the child, and therefore include the social, political and cultural contexts that shape the child’s learning experience (e.g., schools and neighborhood composition) (Rosa & Tudge, 2013; Ashiabi & O’Neal, 2015).”
BackgroundDeshpande, V., Kalgutkar, P., Silva, A. F., & Flôres, F. S. (2024) · Journal of Motor Learning and Development · doi:10.1123/jmld.2023-0066 · Cited by 1
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“The chronosystem comprises all environmental changes occurring over a lifetime that influence individual development, including significant life transitions and historical events (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
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“This theory emphasizes the dynamic interplay between individuals and their environments at multiple levels, ranging from personal traits (e.g., resilience and self-esteem) to immediate social contexts (e.g., romantic relationships and interactions on social networking sites) [12].”
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“Proximal processes are de fi ned as the dynamic interplay between a person and their environment (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006) and are what “ drive[s] development ” (Rosa & Tudge, 2013, p. 244).”
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“The macrosystem shapes the acceptance and implementation of inclusive education through cultural attitudes and societal values (Rosa and Tudge 2013).”
Dadalto, E. C. V., & Rosa, E. M. (2016) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0017-9 · Cited by 1
“Thus, the presence of the father, grandparents, and neighbours can influence the mother-child relationship by modifying its quality, intensity, duration, and complexity (Rosa and Tudge 2013).”
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The role of practitioners in early childhood development centres in shaping behaviour of children
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Perdana, R. (2020) · HUMANIKA · doi:10.21831/hum.v19i2.29261 · Cited by 2
Pliske, M. M. (2020) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) · Cited by 1
Ten Years of Research in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues: Thoughts on Future Directions
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Kindergarten Teachers’Attitudes Toward Distance Education During the COVID-19 Outbreak
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李, 雪., 张, 文., & 侠, 牧. (2019) · Psychology of China · doi:10.35534/pc/0101005 · Cited by 1
Dixon, M. (2023) · Psychology of Education Review · doi:10.53841/bpsper.2023.47.1.28 · Cited by 1
Nwokedi, P. G. (2015) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal) · Cited by 1
Beks, T. (2017) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26440 · Cited by 1
Exploring the Impacts of the Parent-Child Mother Goose Program
Webber, N. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3t14v358 · Cited by 1
“In later iterations of his theory, Bronfenbrenner started to emphasize the processes found between the persons and their contexts (system environments) through what he and his colleagues named, the Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) model (Rosa & Tudge, 2013).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- ORCID
- Tudge, Jonathan
- Venue
- Journal of Family Theory & Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 243-258
- ISSN
- 1756-2570 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-2589
- OpenAlex
- W1675192189
- Semantic Scholar
- 5ad78d042a25ab1c40f7ad12f034e7f019951c62
- Cited by
- 775
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 39.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- libres.uncg.edu
- Locations
- Journal of Family Theory & Review (publishedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychology of Development and Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- Bronfenbrenner, bioecological model, ecological systems theory, human development theory, proximal processes, Process-Person-Context-Time model, developmental processes
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