Activation of the NLRP 3 inflammasome in microglia: the role of ceramide
Open accessAbstract
Inflammation within the CNS is a major component of many neurodegenerative diseases. A characteristic feature is the generation of microglia‐derived factors that play an essential role in the immune response. IL‐1β is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine released by activated microglia, able to exacerbate injury at elevated levels. In the presence of caspase‐1, pro‐IL‐1β is cleaved to the mature cytokine following NOD‐like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP 3) inflammasome activation. Growing evidence suggests that ceramide plays a critical role in NLRP 3 inflammasome assembly, however, the relationship between ceramide and inflammasome activation in microglia remains unknown. Here, we investigated potential mechanistic links between ceramide as a modulator of NLRP 3 inflammasome assembly and the resulting secretion of IL‐1β using small bioactive enzyme stimulators and inhibitors of ceramide signaling in wild‐type and apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD knockout (ASC−/−) primary microglia. To induce the expression of inflammasome components, microglia were primed prior to experiments. Treatment with sodium palmitate (PA) induced de novo ceramide synthesis via modulation of its synthesizing protein serine palmitoyl transferase resulting in increased IL‐1β secretion in microglia. Exposure of microglia to the serine palmitoyl transferase‐inhibitor l‐cycloserine significantly prevented PA‐induced IL‐1β secretion. Application of the ceramide analogue C2 and the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate‐receptor agonist Fingolimod (FTY 720) up‐regulated levels of IL‐1β and cleaved caspase‐1 in wild‐type microglia, whereas ASC−/− microglia were unaffected. HPA‐12 inhibition of ceramide transport did not affect inflammasome activation. Taken together, our findings reveal a critical role for ceramide as a positive modulator of NLRP 3 inflammasome assembly and the resulting release of IL‐1β. image
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The primed NLRP3 inflammasome can be directly activated by ATP, reactive oxygen species, DNA released from damaged mitochondria, protein aggregates, uric acid crystals, ceramide, bacterial or viral RNA, asbestos, silica, decreased intracellular K+ and Cl− concentrations, and Ca2+ flux.
“In the second, activation step, the now primed NLRP3 inflammasome can be directly activated by any of the various signals including ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA released from damaged mitochondria, protein aggregates, uric acid crystals and ceramide, bacterial or viral RNA, airborne pollutants such as asbestos and silica, decreased intracellular concentrations of K+ and Cl− as well as”
From Microglial function, INPP5D/SHIP1 signaling, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for Alzheimer’s disease (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
The title in the indexed citation record (no section or page supplied) links ceramide to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. The retrieved passages do not establish that ceramide directly activates the primed inflammasome or support the claim's list of other signals, including ATP, mitochondrial DNA, ion changes, and Ca²⁺ flux. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation
Takeuchi, O., & Akira, S. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022 · Cited by 8,895 · see citing works
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
Hanisch, U.-K., & Kettenmann, H. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1997 · Cited by 3,676 · see citing works
Inflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics
Guo, H., Callaway, J. B., & Ting, J. P.-Y. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3893 · Cited by 3,340 · see citing works
Bauernfeind, F. G., Horvath, G. L., Stutz, A., Alnemri, E. S., MacDonald, K. L., Speert, D. P., Fernandes‐Alnemri, T., Wu, J., Monks, B. G., Fitzgerald, K. A., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901363 · Cited by 3,006 · see citing works
Self-citationNLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer’s disease and contributes to pathology in APP/PS1 mice
Heneka, M. T., Kummer, M. P., Stutz, A., Delekate, A., Schwartz, S., Vieira-Saecker, A., Griep, A., Axt, D., Remus, A., Tzeng, T.-C., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11729 · Cited by 2,898 · see citing works
Self-citationThe NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Vandanmagsar, B., Youm, Y.-H., Ravussin, A., Galgani, J. E., Stadler, K., Mynatt, R. L., Ravussin, E., Stephens, J. M., & Dixit, V. D. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2279 · Cited by 2,655 · see citing works
The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-β
Halle, A., Hornung, V., Petzold, G. C., Stewart, C. R., Monks, B. G., Reinheckel, T., Fitzgerald, K. A., Latz, E., Moore, K. J., & Golenbock, D. T. (2008) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1636 · Cited by 2,441 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses
Ransohoff, R. M., & Perry, V. H. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Fatty acid–induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling
Wen, H., Gris, D., Lei, Y. L., Jha, S., Zhang, L., Huang, M. T.-H., Brickey, W. J., & Ting, J. P. ‐. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2022 · Cited by 1,811 · see citing works
Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: Multiple triggers with a common mechanism
Block, M. L., & Hong, J.-S. (2005) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease
Heneka, M. T., Kummer, M. P., & Latz, E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3705 · Cited by 1,437 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of ameboid microglia isolated from developing mammalian brain
Giulian, D., & Baker, T. J. (1986) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.06-08-02163.1986 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer's disease.
(2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.49 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Sphingolipid metabolites in inflammatory disease
Maceyka, M. W., & Spiegel, S. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13475 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Fingolimod (FTY720): discovery and development of an oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis
Brinkmann, V., Billich, A., Baumruker, T., Heining, P., Schmouder, R., Francis, G., Aradhye, S., & Burtin, P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3248 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works
The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease
Lucas, S., Rothwell, N. J., & Gibson, R. M. (2006) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706400 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Released from Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Smith, J. A., Das, A., Ray, S. K., & Banik, N. L. (2012) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.10.004 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Cutler, R. G., Kelly, J., Storie, K., Pedersen, W. A., Tammara, A., Hatanpaa, K. J., Troncoso, J. C., & Mattson, M. P. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0305799101 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury
Allan, S. M., Tyrrell, P. J., & Rothwell, N. J. (2005) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1664 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Inflammasomes and Their Roles in Health and Disease
Lamkanfi, M., & Dixit, V. M. (2012) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155745 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease
Heneka, M. T., Golenbock, D. T., & Latz, E. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3102 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Self-citationBaroja-Mazo, A., Martín-Sánchez, F., Gomez, A. I., Martínez, C. M., Amores-Iniesta, J., Compan, V., Barberà-Cremades, M., Yagüe, J., Ruiz-Ortiz, E., Antón, J., et al. (2014) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2919 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Co-operation of TLR4 and raft proteins in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling
Płóciennikowska, A., Hromada‐Judycka, A., Borzęcka-Solarz, K., & Kwiatkowska, K. (2014) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1762-5 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Griffin, W. S. T., Sheng, J. G., Royston, M. C., Gentleman, S., McKenzie, J. E., Graham, D. I., Roberts, G. W., & Mrak, R. E. (1998) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00136.x · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Han, X., M. Holtzman, D., W. McKeel, D., Kelley, J., & Morris, J. C. (2002) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00997.x · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Serine palmitoyltransferase, a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism
Hanada, K. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00059-3 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Palmitate-induced Apoptosis Can Occur through a Ceramide-independent Pathway
Listenberger, L. L., Ory, D. S., & Schaffer, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m010286200 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Franchi, L., Eigenbrod, T., & Núñez, G. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900173 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits ischaemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage in the rat
Relton, J. K., & Rothwell, N. J. (1992) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(92)90033-t · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Deregulation of sphingolipid metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease
He, X., Huang, Y., Li, B., Gong, C.-X., & Schuchman, E. H. (2010) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.010 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Vezzani, A., Moneta, D., Conti, M., Richichi, C., Ravizza, T., Luigi, A. D., Simoni, M. D., Sperk, G., Andell-Jonsson, S., Lundkvist, J., et al. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.190206797 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Sphingosine-induced apoptosis is dependent on lysosomal proteases
Kågedal, K., Ming, Z. H. A. O., Svensson, I., & Brunk, U. T. (2001) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3590335 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
NLRP3 inflammasome is expressed and functional in mouse brain microglia but not in astrocytes
Gustin, A., Kirchmeyer, M., Koncina, E., Felten, P., Losciuto, S., Heurtaux, T., Tardivel, A., Heuschling, P., & Dostert, C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130624 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Acid and neutral sphingomyelinases: roles and mechanisms of regulation
Marchesini, N., & Hannun, Y. A. (2004) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/o03-091 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Ponnusamy, S., Meyers‐Needham, M., Senkal, C. E., Saddoughi, S. A., Sentelle, D., Selvam, S. P., Salas, A., & Öğretmen, B. (2010) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon.10.116 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Interleukin-1 and inflammatory neurodegeneration
Simi, A., Tsakiri, N., Wang, P., & Rothwell, N. J. (2007) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0351122 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-interleukin-1β is cytosolic and precedes cell death
Brough, D., & Rothwell, N. J. (2007) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.03377 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Ceramide function in the brain: when a slight tilt is enough
Mencarelli, C., & Martínez‐Martínez, P. (2012) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1038-x · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Geekiyanage, H., & Chan, C. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3883-11.2011 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Snodgrass, R. G., Huang, S., Choi, I.-W., Rutledge, J. C., & Hwang, D. H. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300298 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Betz, A. L., Yang, G., & Davidson, B. L. (1995) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1995.68 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Importance of MAPK pathways for microglial pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β production
Kim, S. H., Smith, C. J., & Eldik, L. J. V. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00126-x · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The role of inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease
Liu, L., & Chan, C. (2014) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.007 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
CERT-mediated trafficking of ceramide
Hanada, K., Kumagai, K., Tomishige, N., & Yamaji, T. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.01.006 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Biasini, E., Fioriti, L., Ceglia, I., Invernizzi, R. W., Bertoli, A., Chiesa, R., & Forloni, G. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02152.x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Tehranian, R., Andell, S., Beni, S. M., Yatsiv, I., Shohami, E., Bartfai, T., Lundkvist, J., & Iverfeldt, K. (2002) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771502320317096 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Yasuda, S., Kitagawa, H., Ueno, M., Ishitani, H., Fukasawa, M., Nishijima, M., Kobayashi, S., & Hanada, K. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m104884200 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Patil, S. P., & Chan, C. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Ranaivo, H. R., Craft, J. M., Hu, W., Guo, L., Wing, L. K., Eldik, L. J. V., & Watterson, D. M. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4652-05.2006 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Patil, S. P., Melrose, J., & Chan, C. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05797.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
It’s a Lipid’s World: Bioactive Lipid Metabolism and Signaling in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation
Bieberich, E. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-011-0698-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Menaldino, D. S. (2003) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00054-9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Albumin activates astrocytes and microglia through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways
Ranaivo, H. R., & Wainwright, M. S. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.063 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Sphingosine regulates the NLRP3‐inflammasome and IL‐1β release from macrophages
Luheshi, N., Giles, J. A., López‐Castejón, G., & Brough, D. (2011) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201142079 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Immunoblotting for Active Caspase-1
Jakobs, C., Bartok, E., Kubarenko, A., Bauernfeind, F. G., & Hornung, V. (2013) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-523-1_9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Liu, L., Martin, R., & Chan, C. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Exposure to the Saturated Free Fatty Acid Palmitate Alters BV-2 Microglia Inflammatory Response
Tracy, L. M., Bergqvist, F., Ivanova, E. V., Jacobsen, K. T., & Iverfeldt, K. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-013-0068-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mencarelli, C., Bode, G. H., Losen, M. H., Kulharia, M., Molenaar, P. C., Veerhuis, R., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Baets, M. H. D., Nicolaes, G. A. F., & Martínez‐Martínez, P. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.299545 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nakamura, Y., Matsubara, R., Kitagawa, H., Kobayashi, S., Kumagai, K., Yasuda, S., & Hanada, K. (2003) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm0300779 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ceramide induces caspase‐dependent and ‐independent apoptosis in A‐431 cells
Zhao, S., Yang, Y., & Song, J. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.10453 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Janßen, S., Schlegel, C., Gudi, V., Prajeeth, C. K., Skripuletz, T., Trebst, C., & Stangel, M. (2015) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4120 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Maternal Alcohol Consumption Increases Sphingosine Levels in the Brains of Progeny Mice
Dasgupta, S., Adams, J. A., & HOGAN, E. L. (2007) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9445-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines
Rea, I. M., Gibson, D. S., McGilligan, V., McNerlan, S. E., Alexander, H. D., & Ross, O. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
DAMPs and DAMP-sensing receptors in inflammation and diseases
Ma, M., Jiang, W., & Zhou, R. (2024) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.002 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Microglia and CNS Interleukin-1: Beyond Immunological Concepts
Liu, X., & Quan, N. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00008 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Perspective on AMD Pathobiology: A Bioenergetic Crisis in the RPE
Fisher, C. R., & Ferrington, D. A. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24289 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
β-Amyloid Clustering around ASC Fibrils Boosts Its Toxicity in Microglia
Friker, L. L., Scheiblich, H., Hochheiser, I. V., Brinkschulte, R., Riedel, D., Latz, E., Geyer, M., & Heneka, M. T. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.025 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationZeller, M. V., Dias, D., Sebastião, A. M., & Valente, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210268 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance
Onyango, A. N. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/4321714 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer’s disease
Dansokho, C., & Heneka, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1831-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, X., Ma, F., & Herrup, K. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0774-19.2019 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
α‐Synuclein evokes NLRP3 inflammasome‐mediated IL ‐1β secretion from primary human microglia
Pike, A. F., Varanita, T., Herrebout, M. A. C., Plug, B. C., Kole, J., Musters, R. J. P., Teunissen, C. E., Hoozemans, J. J. M., Bubacco, L., & Veerhuis, R. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23970 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Loss of IL-10 Promotes Differentiation of Microglia to a M1 Phenotype
Laffer, B., Bauer, D., Wasmuth, S., Busch, M., Jalilvand, T. V., Thanos, S., Meyer zu Hörste, G., Loser, K., Langmann, T., Heiligenhaus, A., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00430 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The role of ceramides in skin homeostasis and inflammatory skin diseases
Li, Q., Fang, H., Dang, E., & Wang, G. (2020) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.12.002 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Dong, J., Wang, X., Xu, C., Gao, M., Wang, S., Zhang, J. C., Tong, H., Wang, L., Han, Y., Cheng, N., et al. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-03397-1 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Vesga-Jiménez, D. J., Martin, C., Barreto, G. E., Aristizábal-Pachón, A. F., Pinzón, A. M., & González, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052577 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms by which aerobic exercise induces insulin sensitivity
Yaribeygi, H., Atkin, S. L., Simental‐Mendía, L. E., & Sahebkar, A. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28066 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Microglia modulate stable wakefulness via the thalamic reticular nucleus in mice
Liu, H., Wang, X., Chen, L., Chen, L., Tsirka, S. E., Ge, S., & Xiong, Q. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24915-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Terzioglu, G., & Young-Pearse, T. L. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00674-9 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Inflammasome-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease
Venegas, C., & Heneka, M. T. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201900439 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationHarrison, D., Billinton, A., Bock, M. G., Doedens, J. R., Gabel, C. A., Holloway, M. K., Porter, R. A., Reader, V., Scanlon, J., Schooley, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01398 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Inflammasome Activation Induces Pyroptosis in the Retina Exposed to Ocular Hypertension Injury
Pronin, A. N., Pham, D. G., An, W., Dvoriantchikova, G., Reshetnikova, G., Qiao, J., Kozhekbaeva, Z. M., Reiser, A. E., Slepak, V. Z., & Shestopalov, V. I. (2019) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00036 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Anderson, G., Rodriguez, M., & Reiter, R. J. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20215500 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Che, H., Li, Q., Zhang, T., Ding, L., Zhang, L., Shi, H., Yanagita, T., Xue, C., Chang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2018) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo00643a · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Lipid regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity through organelle stress
Liang, J. J., Fraser, I. D. C., & Bryant, C. E. (2021) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2021.07.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ceramide Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease: A Network With High Therapeutic Potential
Zietzer, A., Düsing, P., Reese, L., Nickenig, G., & Jansen, F. (2022) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.122.318048 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Impact of Obesity on Microglial Function: Immune, Metabolic and Endocrine Perspectives
Alexaki, V. I. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10071584 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Huang, M., Tu, C.-E., Wang, S., Hung, Y., Su, C., Fang, S., Chen, C., Liu, P., Cheng, W., Huang, Y., et al. (2018) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2287-5 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Gan, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, H., Pu, S., Xia, L., Ren, C., Feng, T., & Tang, H. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118582 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
NLRP7: From inflammasome regulation to human disease
Carrière, J., Dorfleutner, A., & Stehlik, C. (2021) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13372 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Pereira, A. C., Pascale, J. D., Resende, R., Cardoso, S., Ferreira, I., Neves, B. M., Carrascal, M. A., Zuzarte, M., Madeira, N. G. G. F., Morais, S., et al. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04211-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Conti, P., Lauritano, D., Caraffa, A., Gallenga, C. E., Kritas, S. K., Ronconi, G., & Martinotti, S. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173035 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
HMGB1 in nervous system diseases: A common biomarker and potential therapeutic target
Mao, D., Yuan, Z., Xu, F., Han, X., & Zhao, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1029891 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Xie, L., Gu, Z., Liu, H., Jia, B., Wang, Y., Cao, M., Song, R., Zhang, Z., & Bian, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01251 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Qiao, L., Chen, Y., Song, X., Dou, X., & Xu, C. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s374024 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ceramides and diabetes mellitus: an update on the potential molecular relationships
Yaribeygi, H., Bo, S., Ruscica, M., & Sahebkar, A. (2019) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13943 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ceramides in Parkinson’s Disease: From Recent Evidence to New Hypotheses
Plotegher, N., Bubacco, L., Greggio, E., & Civiero, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00330 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Liu, S., Gao, J., Liu, K., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111560 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
DAMPs in immunosenescence and cancer
Chen, F., Tang, H., Cai, X., Lin, J., Kang, R., Tang, D., & Liu, J. (2024) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.09.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Shaping of Innate Immune Response by Fatty Acid Metabolite Palmitate
Tzeng, H., Chyuan, I., & Chen, W.-Y. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8121633 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Xie, D., Ge, X., Ma, Y., Tang, J., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Gao, C., & Pan, S. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1662-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The role of Locus Coeruleus in neuroinflammation occurring in Alzheimer’s disease
Giorgi, F. S., Saccaro, L. F., Galgani, A., Busceti, C. L., Biagioni, F., Frati, A., & Fornai, F. (2019) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Paldino, E., D’Angelo, V., Sancesario, G., & Fusco, F. R. (2020) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-020-00293-z · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Peng, M., Li, W., Zhao, M., Cao, X., Li, C., Zhang, H., Yang, M., Liang, L., Yue, Y., et al. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154469 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Silica Nanoparticles Cause Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in-vitro Model-Using Microglia
Hou, S., Li, C., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Guo, Y., Ning, X., Ma, K., Li, X., Shao, H., Cui, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s372485 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Arruri, V. K., Gundu, C., Kalvala, A. K., Sherkhane, B., Khatri, D. K., & Singh, S. B. (2021) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2021.1892985 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Anderson, F. L., Coffey, M., Berwin, B. L., & Havrda, M. C. (2018) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfy219 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kleijn, K. M. A. D., & Martens, G. J. M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21124229 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Li, Y., Li, Y., & Zhu, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1284214 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Dichotomous Role of Inflammation in the CNS: A Mitochondrial Point of View
Vezzani, B., Carinci, M., Patergnani, S., Pasquin, M., Guarino, A., Aziz, N., Pinton, P., Simonato, M., & Giorgi, C. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10101437 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ji, Y.-J., Wang, H., Yin, B.-L., & Ren, X. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Iqubal, A., Syed, M. A., Najmi, A. K., Azam, F., Barreto, G. E., Iqubal, M. K., Ali, J., & Haque, S. E. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113464 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Du, L., Shen, K., Bai, Y., Chao, J., Hu, G., Zhang, Y., & Yao, H. (2018) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.020 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ceramide in cerebrovascular diseases
Yuan, H., Zhu, B., Li, C., & Zhao, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1191609 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Inflammasome activation in neurodegenerative diseases
Ravichandran, K. A., & Heneka, M. T. (2021) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20210021 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationPampuščenko, K., Morkūnienė, R., Krasauskas, L., Smirnovas, V., Brown, G. C., & Borutaitė, V. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37887-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Injury
Huang, S., Che, J., Chu, Q., & Zhang, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00140 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ben‐Azu, B., del Re, E. C., VanderZwaag, J., Carrier, M., Keshavan, M. S., Khakpour, M., & Tremblay, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1139357 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Metabolomic signature of mouse cerebral cortex following Toxoplasma gondii infection
Ma, J., He, J.-J., Hou, J.-L., Zhou, C., Zhang, F.-K., Elsheikha, H. M., & Zhu, X. (2019) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3623-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Söderbom, G., & Zeng, B. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Liu, Z., Pi, Z., Song, F., Wu, J., & Liu, S. (2021) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rusty Microglia: Trainers of Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease
Sfera, A., Gradini, R., Cummings, M., Diaz, E. L., Price, A. I., & Osorio, C. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01062 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Fan, X., Guo, Z., Zhou, Z., & Gao, W. (2022) · Analytical Cellular Pathology · doi:10.1155/2022/3634908 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Liu, T., Wang, W., Liu, M., Ma, Y., Mu, F., Feng, X., Zhang, Y., Guo, C., Ding, Y., & Wen, A. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107094 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Custodia, A., Romaus‐Sanjurjo, D., Aramburu-Núñez, M., Álvarez-Rafael, D., Vázquez‐Vázquez, L., Camino-Castiñeiras, J., Leira, Y., Peleteiro, J. M. P., Aldrey, J. M., Sobrino, T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158082 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chu, X., Wang, C., Wu, Z., Fan, L., Tao, C., Lin, J., Chen, S., Lin, Y., & Ge, Y. (2020) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2020.108335 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Harrison, D., Bock, M. G., Doedens, J. R., Gabel, C. A., Holloway, M. K., Lewis, A., Scanlon, J., Sharpe, A., Simpson, I. D., Smolak, P. J., et al. (2022) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00242 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kalkman, H. O., & Smigielski, L. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-04989-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zietzer, A., Jahnel, A. L., Bulic, M., Gutbrod, K., Düsing, P., Hosen, M. R., Dörmann, P., Werner, N., Nickenig, G., & Jansen, F. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-021-04049-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Glial Cell Dynamics in Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms, Interactions, and Therapeutic Implications
García‐Domínguez, M. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14010115 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Yang, H., Yang, F., Luo, M., Chen, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Zhu, G., Chen, W., Li, T., Shu, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.826861 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Xi, Y., Yang, C., Gong, W., Wang, C., Wu, L., & Wang, D. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28020494 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The role of CNS macrophages in streptococcal meningoencephalitis
Gres, V., Kolter, J., Erny, D., & Henneke, P. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.4mr1118-419r · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Guo, P., Huang, S., Jia, Z., Chen, T., Liu, X. B., Feng, H., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4177317 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Abdelkawy, Y. S., Elharoun, M., Sheta, E., Abdel-Raheem, I. T., & Nematalla, H. A. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176525 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Rebiai, R., Givogri, M. I., Gowrishankar, S., Cologna, S. M., Alford, S. T., & Bongarzone, E. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.619777 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Phospholipid metabolism in innate immunity and inflammation: from basic to clinic
Liu, J., Chen, Y., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2025) · Immunity & Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s44466-025-00001-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: Lipids across microglial states
Traetta, M. E., Vecchiarelli, H. A., & Tremblay, M. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16259 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Choudhary, P., Pacholko, A. G., Palaschuk, J., & Bekar, L. K. (2018) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-018-0263-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lipid signatures of chronic pain in female adolescents with and without obesity
González, P., Simcox, J., Raff, H., Wade, G., Bank, H. C. V., Weisman, S. J., & Hainsworth, K. R. (2022) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-022-01690-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhong, Y.-M., Xu, Y.-Y., Tan, Y.-Z., Zhang, X.-X., Wang, R.-L., Chen, D.-M., Wang, Z.-T., & Zhong, X.-L. (2023) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115386 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Li, L., Bai, S., Zhao, H., Tan, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, A., Jiang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13060638 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Granzotto, A., Bomba, M., Castelli, V., Navarra, R., Massetti, N., D’Aurora, M., ONOFRJ, M. C., Cicalini, I., Boccio, P. D., Gatta, V., et al. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102191 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hallmarks of NLRP3 inflammasome activation are observed in organotypic hippocampal slice culture
Hoyle, C., Redondo‐Castro, E., Cook, J., Tzeng, T.-C. J., Allan, S. M., Brough, D., & Lemarchand, E. (2020) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13221 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Li, H., Xiao, Q., Zhu, L., Kang, J. S., Zhan, Q., & Peng, W. (2024) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2024.101106 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zhao, H., Li, L., Tan, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, A., Zhao, Y., & Jiang, L. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13050614 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Li, D., Fan, X., Lin, S., Yuan, Y., Zhuang, P., Hu, H., Ge, M., Chen, S., & Mei, X. (2022) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110465 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Immunometabolism Reframes Alzheimer’s Disease: From Systemic Dysmetabolism to Glial Rewiring
Bach, D., & Nguyen, L. L. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-026-01691-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Spurlock, M. S., An, W., Reshetnikova, G., Wen, R., Wang, H., Braha, M., Solis, G., Kurtenbach, S., Galindez, O. J., Vaccari, J. P. D. R., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12222626 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Islam, R., Rajan, R., Choudhary, H., Vrionis, F., & Hanafy, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.30916 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nishio, H., Niba, E. T. E., Saito, T., Okamoto, K., Lee, T., Takeshima, Y., Awano, H., & Lai, P. S. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15101294 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Radford‐Smith, D. E., Selvaraj, E. A., Peters, R., Orrell, M., Bolon, J., Anthony, D. C., Pavlides, M., Lynch, K. D., Geremia, A., Bailey, A. A., et al. (2022) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15192 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A-Syn(ful) MAM: A Fresh Perspective on a Converging Domain in Parkinson’s Disease
Barbuti, P. A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126525 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
You aren't IMMUNE to the ceramides that accumulate in cardiometabolic disease
Varre, J. V., Holland, W. L., & Summers, S. A. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159125 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, R., Gan, C., Gong, B., Huang, J., Lou, Z., Wang, D., Yan, R., Li, G., Xiong, T., & Guo, J. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156756 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Brezáni, V., Joshi, R., Ortega‐Ribera, M., Nagesh, P. T., Brezáni, V., Zivny, A., Kurt‐Jones, E. A., Golenbock, D. T., & Szabó, G. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03501-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, J., Zhang, H., Dong, Y., Wang, X., & Wang, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.628122 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
García‐Santillán, J. A., Mezo‐González, C. E., Gourdel, M., Croyal, M., & Bolaños, F. J. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16307 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Centrality of Myeloid-Lineage Phagocytes in Particle-Triggered Inflammation and Autoimmunity
Favor, O. K., Pestka, J. J., Bates, M. A., & Lee, K. S. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2021.777768 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Role of ceramides in diabetic foot ulcers (Review)
Wang, Y., Sun, Z., Zang, G., Zhang, L., & Wang, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2023.5229 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ложкина, Н. Г., Gushchina, O. I., Basov, N. V., Gaisler, E. V., Rogachev, A. D., Sotnikova, Y. S., Patrushev, Y. V., & Pokrovsky, А. G. (2024) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/actanaturae.27400 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Aiello, G., Tosi, D., Aldini, G., Carini, M., & D’Amato, A. (2024) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics11040140 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scheiblich, H., Schlütter, A., Golenbock, D. T., Latz, E., Martinez‐Martinez, P., & Heneka, M. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
- Corresponding author
- Heneka, Michael T.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-10-26
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 534-550
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W2757148163
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ZonMw (733050105)
- Internationale Stichting Alzheimer Onderzoek (14545)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling
- Keywords
- NLRP3 inflammasome, microglia, ceramide, IL-1β secretion, caspase-1, ASC, sodium palmitate, serine palmitoyltransferase, L-cycloserine, fingolimod, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, ceramide transport, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein, Animals, Carrier Proteins, Cells, Cultured, Ceramides, Cytoskeletal Proteins, Macrophages, Reactive Oxygen Species, Microglia, Mice, Interleukin-1beta, Inflammasomes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review