Long-Term Effects of Physically Active Academic Lessons on Physical Fitness and Executive Functions in Primary School Children
Abstract
Integrating physical activity into the curriculum has potential health and cognitive benefits in primary school children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physically active academic lessons on cardiovascular fitness, muscular fitness and executive functions. In the current randomized controlled trial, 499 second and third graders within 12 primary schools (mean age = 8.1 ± 0.7) were randomized to the intervention (n = 249) or control condition (n = 250). The physically active academic lessons were given for 2 consecutive school years, 22 weeks per year, three times a week, with a duration of 20-30 min per lesson. Multiple tests were administered before, between and after the intervention period, measuring cardiovascular fitness, muscular fitness and executive functions. Multilevel analysis accounted for the nested structure of the children within classes and schools. Results showed a larger improvement in speed-coordination (B = -0.70,P = 0.002) and a lower improvement in static strength (B = -0.92,P < : 0.001) for the intervention group compared with the control group. The current lessons did not result in a significant change in executive functions.
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Positive effects on AP may only accrue when moderate-to-vigorous PA is increased.
“Namely, positive effects of AP may only accrue when of moderate-to-vigorous PA is increased (41, 42).”
From Children's Physical Activity, Academic Performance, and Cognitive Functioning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
de Greeff et al. [42] found no significant (p > 0.5) intervention effect on shifting performance.
“whilst de Greeff et al. [42] found no significant (p > 0.5) intervention effect on shifting performance.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- de Greeff, J. W., Hartman, E., Mullender-Wijnsma, M. J., Bosker, R. J., Doolaard, S., & Visscher, C.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Health Education Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-01-29
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-194
- ISSN
- 0268-1153 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3648
- OpenAlex
- W2307275909
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 8.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Education Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- elementary school students, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, executive function, speed coordination, static strength
- MeSH terms
- Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Child, Female, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Physical Fitness, Schools, Program Evaluation, Exercise, Muscle Strength, Executive Function
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