A Competency-Based Perspective on Entrepreneurship Education: Conceptual and Empirical Insights

Morris, Michael H.; Webb, Justin W.; Fu, Jun; Singhal, Sujata

doi:10.1111/jsbm.12023

Cited by 670Entrepreneurship Studies and InfluencesVocational and Entrepreneurial EducationHigher Education and Employability

A Competency-Based Perspective on Entrepreneurship Education: Conceptual and Empirical Insights

Morris, Michael H., Webb, Justin W., Fu, Jun, Singhal, Sujata·2013·Journal of Small Business Management

DOI 10.1111/jsbm.12023

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Abstract

Competencies necessary for entrepreneurial action are investigated. Building on structuration theory, competencies are approached as an outgrowth of the learning of scripts deriving from interactions between the individual and environment. Managerial and entrepreneurial competencies are distinguished, with the latter helping to define the domain of entrepreneurship education. Employing a Delphi methodology, evidence is provided of a core set of 13 entrepreneurial competencies. Measures are then developed with a pilot study involving students in an international education program. Based on pre- and post-measures, findings demonstrate significant improvement on the competencies. Implications are drawn for the role of entrepreneurship education in competency development.

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Both entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial self-efficacy have been recommended as behavioral competencies that should be promoted more comprehensively in entrepreneurial curricula.
“Both entrepreneurial alertness and entrepreneurial selfefficacy have been recommended as behavioral competencies that should be promoted more comprehensively in entrepreneurial curricula (Morris etal., 2013).”
From Impact of Entrepreneurship Training on Entrepreneurial Efficacy and Alertness among Adolescent Youth (2018) · cites this paper as Morris et al., 2013
Dynamic competencies can be picked up and grown over time with practice and exposure.
“These differences demonstrate, as mentioned by Morris etal. (2013), that dynamic competencies can be picked up and grown over time with practice and exposure.”
From Impact of Entrepreneurship Training on Entrepreneurial Efficacy and Alertness among Adolescent Youth (2018) · cites this paper as Morris et al., 2013

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“Entrepreneurship education (EE) may serve as a vehicle to present information about norms and values in entrepreneurship (Morris et al. 2013) and may be an important source of relevant knowledge of entrepreneurship (i.e., awareness of the available institutional support mechanism) (Dohse and Walter…”
Examining the Future Trajectory of Entrepreneurship
Kuratko, D. F., & Morris, M. H. (2017) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12364 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Toward a taxonomy of entrepreneurship education research literature: A bibliometric mapping and visualization
Fellnhofer, K. (2019) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.10.002 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Behavioural entrepreneurial mindset: How entrepreneurial education activity impacts entrepreneurial intention and behaviour
Cui, J., & Bell, R. (2022) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100639 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Determinant factors of entrepreneurial intention among university students in Brazil and Portugal
Fragoso, R., Júnior, W. F. D. R., & Xavier, A. M. D. S. (2019) · Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/08276331.2018.1551459 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Entrepreneurship Education and Sustainable Development Goals: A literature Review and a Closer Look at Fragile States and Technology-Enabled Approaches
Rashid, L. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11195343 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The effect of curricular and extracurricular activities on university students’ entrepreneurial intention and competences
Arranz, N., Gómez, F. U., Arroyabe, M. F., Rivero, C. A. P., & de Arróyabe, J. C. F. (2016) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2015.1130030 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“Entrepreneurship requires numerous competences that are difficult to define as individual atomic subjects, so while a specific business requires subject-specific skills, psychological and social skills lie at the heart of entrepreneurial competence (Morris et al., 2013).”
Background
Sustainable entrepreneurship impact and entrepreneurial venture life cycle: A systematic literature review
Vaio, A. D., Hassan, R., Chhabra, M., Arrigo, E., & Palladino, R. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134469 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Bringing an entrepreneurial focus to sustainability education: A teaching framework based on content analysis
Hermann, R. R., & Bossle, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119038 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
An effectual leadership perspective for developing rural entrepreneurial ecosystems
Miles, M. P., & Morrison, M. (2018) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-018-0128-z · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Entrepreneurship Education in a Poverty Context: An Empowerment Perspective
Santos, S. C., Neumeyer, X., & Morris, M. H. (2018) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12485 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Recognizing Opportunities across Campus: The Effects of Cognitive Training and Entrepreneurial Passion on the Business Opportunity Prototype
Costa, S. F., Santos, S. C., Wach, D., & Caetano, A. (2017) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12348 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“In this sense, we argue that experiential learning processes enable potential entrepreneurs to learn how to recognize opportunities, by developing their cognitive opportunity recognition framework, and by enhancing their entrepreneurship competencies through education (Morris et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurial capacity
Nguyen, Q. D., & Nguyen-Thu, H. (2022) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100730 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Impact of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Pakistani Students
Hussain, A., & Norashidah (2015) · Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation · doi:10.5296/jebi.v2i1.7534 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Thus, the tertiary level institutes are considered to be the facilitators of an entrepreneurial culture; resulting a strong focus on entrepreneurship education that will be useful in promoting entrepreneurial intentions and culture (Morris et al. 2013).”
Background
Personalizing Entrepreneurial Learning: A Pedagogy for Facilitating the Know Why
Middleton, K. W., & Donnellon, A. (2014) · Entrepreneurship Research Journal · doi:10.1515/erj-2013-0040 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Entrepreneurial education intends to prepare individuals for engagement in an entrepreneurial process (one could say an entrepreneurial career), thus requiring development of entrepreneurial competency (Chang and Rieple 2013; Mitchelmore and Rowley 2010; Morris et al. 2013; Rasmussen, Mosey, and Wright 2011).”
Background
Teaching-focused university–industry collaborations: Determinants and impact on graduates’ employability competencies
Borah, D. J., Malik, K., & Massini, S. (2020) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.104172 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Clearing the Hurdles in the Entrepreneurial Race: The Role of Resilience in Entrepreneurship Education
López, M. J. G., Pérez-López, M. C., & Ariza, L. R. (2018) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2016.0377 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Entrepreneurship Education: The Effects of Challenge-Based Learning on the Entrepreneurial Mindset of University Students
Colombelli, A., Loccisano, S., Panelli, A., et al. (2022) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci12010010 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…activity from the perspective of professors, researchers, and university managers (Kuratko 2005) and a dramatic increase in the number of curricular and co-curricular offerings in entrepreneurship has been observed across the globe (European Commission 2008; Kuratko 2005; Morris et al. 2013).”
Background
Entrepreneurial thinking: A signature pedagogy for an uncertain 21st century
Peschl, H., Deng, C., & Larson, N. (2020) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100427 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Entrepreneurship Education in a Multidisciplinary Environment: Evidence from an Entrepreneurship Programme Held in Turin
Fiore, E., Sansone, G., & Paolucci, E. (2019) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci9010028 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The role of ambiguity tolerance in career decision making
Xu, H., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.04.001 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The great divides in social entrepreneurship and where they lead us
Morris, M. H., Santos, S. C., & Kuratko, D. F. (2020) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-020-00318-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Graduate employability
Okolie, U. C., Nwosu, H. E., & Mlanga, S. (2019) · Higher Education Skills and Work-based Learning · doi:10.1108/heswbl-09-2018-0089 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Developing entrepreneurial competencies in higher education: a structural model approach
Ferreras-Garcia, R., Sales-Zaguirre, J., & Serradell-López, E. (2021) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-09-2020-0257 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
From potential to early nascent entrepreneurship: the role of entrepreneurial competencies
López, M. J. G., Pérez-López, M. C., & Ariza, L. R. (2020) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00658-x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Impact of Entrepreneurship Training on Entrepreneurial Efficacy and Alertness among Adolescent Youth
Ho, M.-H. R., Uy, M. A., Kang, B. N. Y., & Chan, K.-Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2018.00013 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…Sørheim, 2006), the experiential learning of entrepreneurship through activities has been encouraged by several scholars 3 Ho et al. Entrepreneurship Training Frontiers in Education | www.frontiersin.org March 2018 | Volume 3 | Article 13 (e.g., Rasmussen and Sørheim, 2006; Morris et al., 2013).”
Background
The Moderating Role of National Culture in the Relationship Between University Entrepreneurship Offerings and Student Start-Up Activity: An Embeddedness Perspective
Shirokova, G., Владимировна, Ц. Т., & Morris, M. H. (2017) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12363 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Applying the social cognitive model of career self-management to the entrepreneurial career decision: The role of exploratory and coping adaptive behaviours
Pérez-López, M. C., López, M. J. G., & Ariza, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.03.005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Entrepreneurship education pedagogy: teacher-student-centred paradox
Ismail, A. B., Sawang, S., & Zolin, R. (2018) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-07-2017-0106 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Risky business: Experiential learning, information and communications technology, and risk-taking attitudes in entrepreneurship education
Bandera, C., Collins, R., & Passerini, K. (2018) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2018.02.006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Towards a responsible entrepreneurship education and the future of the workforce
Igwe, P. A., Okolie, U. C., & Nwokoro, C. V. (2019) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2019.05.001 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“A comprehensive review of the EE and ME literature is beyond the scope of this article as it is vast and has received a considerable evaluation in many domains (Shook et al., 2003; Morris et al., 2013).”
Background
Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Role of Prior Learning Experiences and Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Competencies
Bonesso, S., Gerli, F., Pizzi, C., & Cortellazzo, L. (2018) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12399 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…“although researchers have devoted considerable effort to identifying characteristics, traits, values, affective states, and cognitive styles that are associated with entrepreneurial success, the particular competencies that support venture creation remain elusive” (Morris et al. 2013, p. 352).”
BackgroundInfluential
Making Entrepreneurship Education Available to All: Design Principles for Educational Programs Stimulating an Entrepreneurial Mindset
Baggen, Y., Lans, T., & Gulikers, J. T. M. (2021) · Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy · doi:10.1177/2515127420988517 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“From an input-output–driven perspective, we observe that many authors present competency lists as the output of EE (e.g., Fiet, 2001; Man et al., 2002; Morris et al., 2013).”
Background
Navigating through entrepreneurial skills, competencies and capabilities: a systematic literature review and the development of the entrepreneurial ability model
Pennetta, S., Anglani, F., & Mathews, S. W. (2023) · Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jeee-09-2022-0257 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Evaluation of entrepreneurial competence through scaled behavioural indicators: Validation of an instrument
Schelfhout, W., Bruggeman, K., & Mæyer, S. D. (2016) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.09.001 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Reflection Summary definition based upon Baert & Camertijn, 2004; Goossens & Verrue, 2004; Laevers & Bertrands, 2004; Man, 2006 and Morris et al., 2013 You’re critical and accountable to your own contribution.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The future of management education: The role of entrepreneurship education and junior enterprises
Almeida, J. R., Daniel, A. D., & Figueiredo, C. (2019) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2019.100318 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Experiential learning theory and hybrid entrepreneurship: factors influencing the transition to full-time entrepreneurship
Ferreira, C. C. (2020) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2019-0668 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Action-embedded pedagogy in entrepreneurship education: an experimental enquiry
Mukesh, H. V., Rajasekharan Pillai, K., & Mamman, J. (2019) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1599848 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…that entrepreneurial learning is more practical and actionoriented, sufficient enough to deal with real-time problems, which is consistent with previous findings (Raelin 1999; Rae 2005; Pittaway et al. 2009; Järvi 2015; Rasmussen and Sørheim 2006; Morris et al. 2013; Neck, Greene, and Brush 2014).”
BackgroundResult
Academic Journal of Economic Studies
Editura.Universitara, P. (2020) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Rural women characteristics and sustainable entrepreneurial intention: a road to economic growth in Bangladesh
Polas, M. R. H., Raju, V., Muhibbullah, M., & Tabash, M. I. (2021) · Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy · doi:10.1108/jec-10-2020-0183 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Competencies for entrepreneurship as a career option in a challenging employment environment
Pérez-López, M. C., López, M. J. G., & Ariza, L. R. (2016) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-07-2015-0102 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Model of Teachable Entrepreneurship Competencies (M-TEC): Scale development
Silveyra, G., Crespo, A., & Pérez, A. (2020) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100392 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Academic spinoffs: the role of entrepreneurship education
Sansone, G., Battaglia, D., Landoni, P., & Paolucci, E. (2019) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-019-00601-9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“2018), and favour the development of entrepreneurial competences (Lee et al. 2005; Phan and Siegel 2006; Sánchez 2011; Morris et al. 2013; Sánchez 2013; Hayter 2016; Gümüsay and Bohné 2018) which – in turn - may favour the creation of academic spinoffs.”
BackgroundInfluential
Entrepreneurship education or entrepreneurship education? A bibliometric analysis
Tiberius, V., & Weyland, M. (2022) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2022.2100692 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“When behaviour becomes more prominent than traits, the next question is: What is the right, i.e. competent entrepreneurial behaviour (Morris et al. 2013)?”
Background
Training Entrepreneurial Competences with Open Innovation Paradigm in Higher Education
Iglesias-Sánchez, P. P., Jambrino-Maldonado, C., & Heras-Pedrosa, C. D. L. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11174689 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“, [62] analyse how the aforementioned entrepreneurial competences have influenced entrepreneurship.”
BackgroundMethod
Entrepreneurship Education Centres in universities: evidence and insights from Italian “Contamination Lab” cases
Secundo, G., Mele, G., Sansone, G., & Paolucci, E. (2020) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-12-2019-0687 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial intention and obstacles of undergraduate students: the case of the universities of Andalusia
Arranz, N., Arroyabe, M. F., & de Arróyabe, J. C. F. (2018) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1486812 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“This has been previously underlined by Morris et al. (2013) and Sanchez (2013), who pointed out the importance of psychological factors for entrepreneurship.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Firm Performance and the Impact of Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Competencies
Kanaan-Jebna, A. M. J., Alabdullah, T. T. Y., Ahmed, E. R., et al. (2022) · Business Ethics and Leadership · doi:10.21272/bel.6(2).68-77.2022 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“There is a need to understand the factors that affect small business performance (Morris et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Entrepreneurial competencies of undergraduate students: The case of universities in Nigeria
Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Ayoola, A. A., Nwosu, H. E., Kanu, C., & Mong, I. K. (2021) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100452 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Navigating the new frontier: the impact of artificial intelligence on students’ entrepreneurial competencies
Somià, T., & Vecchiarini, M. (2024) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-08-2023-0788 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Preface: Teaching reason and the unreasonable
Morris, M. H., & Liguori, E. W. (2016) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781784719166.00006 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Building Blocks for the Development of University-Wide Entrepreneurship
Morris, N. M., Kuratko, D. F., & Pryor, C. G. (2013) · Entrepreneurship Research Journal · doi:10.1515/erj-2013-0047 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Process-Oriented Framework of Competencies for Sustainability Entrepreneurship
Foucrier, T., & Wiek, A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11247250 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“, sustainability accounting) [1,34] [X] Identifies financial resources (start-up funds) and potential impact investors [25,34] Identifies sustainable (e.”
BackgroundInfluential
Accelerators as authentic training experiences for nascent entrepreneurs
Miles, M. P., de Vries, H. P., Harrison, G., et al. (2017) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-01-2017-0007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in a Muslim community
Ezeh, P. C., Nkamnebe, A. D., & Omodafe, U. P. (2019) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-09-2018-0348 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Dark Side of Entrepreneurship Education: A Delphi Study on Dangers and Unintended Consequences
Bandera, C., Santos, S. C., & Liguori, E. W. (2020) · Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy · doi:10.1177/2515127420944592 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The entrepreneurial competency of risk mitigation or risk management is defined as the ability to take actions that reduce the probability of a loss or reduce the potential effect if the risk were to occur (Morris et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The influence of entrepreneurial innovations in building competitive advantage: the mediating role of entrepreneurial thinking
Alsafadi, Y., & Aljuhmani, H. Y. (2023) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-11-2022-1540 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Risk-taking, knowledge, and mindset: unpacking the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention
Caputo, A., Nguyen, V. H. A., & Delladio, S. (2024) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-024-01064-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Resource leveraging is defined as the ability to access and exploit resources that one does not own or control to achieve one’s goals (Morris et al., 2013 ).”
Financial literacy and entrepreneurial risk aversion
Riepe, J., Rudeloff, M., & Veer, T. H. (2020) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2019.1709380 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Different entrepreneurial competence models (Anderson et al., 2018; Bacigalupo et al., 2016; Consortium for Entrepreneurship Education, 2014; Gibb, 2008; Morris et al., 2013) include financial literacy as a central area.”
Background
Entrepreneurial competencies and employment status of business graduates: the role of experiential entrepreneurship pedagogy
Kozlinska, I., Rebmann, A., & Mets, T. (2020) · Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/08276331.2020.1821159 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“This suggests that students who score higher on the levels of entrepreneurial competencies should be more likely to engage into entrepreneurial behaviour in either corporate or private venture settings (Jackson and Wilton 2017; Morris et al. 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Beyond the Big Five: does grit influence the entrepreneurial intent of university students in the US?
Butz, N. T., Hanson, S., Schultz, P. L., & Warzynski, M. M. (2018) · Journal of global entrepreneurship research · doi:10.1186/s40497-018-0100-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Examining the perceived value of extracurricular enterprise activities in relation to entrepreneurial learning processes
Preedy, S., Jones, P. K., Maas, G. J. P., & Duckett, H. (2020) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-12-2019-0408 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
What drives students’ cyber entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of disciplinary difference
Wang, Y., Lin, S.-J., Yeh, C., Li, C.-R., & Li, H.-T. (2016) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2016.08.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Beyond entrepreneurship education: business incubation and entrepreneurial capabilities
Ikebuaku, K., & Dinbabo, M. F. (2018) · Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies · doi:10.1108/jeee-03-2017-0022 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“These include research in the area of capability approach, functionings, freedoms or capabilities, business incubation and entrepreneurship development (Al-Mubaraki and Busler, 2010; Alkire, 2002; Charles and Ikenna, 2009; Asongu and Tchamyou, 2016; European Commission, 2002; Gedeon, 2010; Isaacs et al., 2007; Lalkaka…”
BackgroundInfluential
Expertise, university infrastructure and approaches to new venture creation: assessing students who start businesses
Shirokova, G., Osiyevskyy, O., Morris, M. H., & Bogatyreva, K. (2017) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2017.1376516 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Experiential learning represents an attempt to move the educational focus away from a text-driven to an activity-driven approach, from telling to showing, and from theory to the integration of theory and practice (Morris et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Reconceptualizing the role of the future entrepreneurship educator: an exploration of the content challenge
Henry, C. (2020) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2020.1737416 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…the EU model emphasizes leadership, management and long term sustainability (i.e. mobilizing others; planning and management; financial literacy), Morris et al. (2013) prioritize the more practical and potentially more immediate (in a start-up scenario) ‘Guerrilla’ skills, i.e., the ability to…”
BackgroundInfluential
The evolution of student entrepreneurship: State of the art and emerging research direction
Passavanti, C., Ponsiglione, C., Primario, S., & Rippa, P. (2023) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100820 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial learning – a social context perspective: evidence from Kenya and Tanzania
Hunter, L., & Lean, J. (2018) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-02-2017-0075 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Psychological resources, satisfaction, and career identity in the work transition: an outlook on Sicilian college students
Santisi, G., Magnano, P., Platania, S., & Ramaci, T. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s164745 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A University Training Programme for Acquiring Entrepreneurial and Transversal Employability Skills, a Students’ Assessment
Sánchez, P. L., Abad, P., Cabrero, C. D. L. F., & Calero, R. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12030796 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Measuring Undergraduates’ Innovation Capacities
Selznick, B. S., & Mayhew, M. J. (2017) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-017-9486-7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Competencies of graduates as future labour market participants – preliminary study
Gawrycka, M., Kujawska, J., & Tomczak, M. T. (2019) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2019.1631200 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Examining prison entrepreneurship programs, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial resilience as drivers for prisoners' entrepreneurial intentions
Ciptono, W. S., Anggadwita, G., & Indarti, N. (2022) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-06-2022-0550 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
In Search of Alignment: A Review of Impact Studies in Entrepreneurship Education
Kamovich, U., & Foss, L. (2017) · Education Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/1450102 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“[32] employed a multi-round Delphi technique to form a list of core entrepreneurial competencies by asking 20 distinguished entrepreneurs and 20 leading entrepreneurship educators.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Exploring the future of startup leadership development
Prommer, L., Tiberius, V., & Kraus, S. (2020) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00200 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…characterized by uncertainty or a lack of empirical evidence (Powell, 2003; Skulmoski et al., 2007) and has been employed more than 175 times in business research since 1975 (Flostrand et al., 2020), also in HR development (McGuire and Cseh, 2006; Morris et al., 2013; Olshfski and Joseph, 1991).”
Assessing entrepreneurial competences: insights from a business model challenge
Bolzani, D., & Luppi, E. (2020) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-04-2020-0072 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Entrepreneurial skill-building in rural ecosystems
Lyons, T. S., Lyons, J. S., & Jolley, G. J. (2019) · Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy · doi:10.1108/jepp-09-2019-0075 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Entrepreneurship Competence Model for Supporting Learners Development at All Educational Levels
Venesaar, U., Malleus, E., Arro, G., & Toding, M. (2021) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci12010002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Significant progress has been made towards a better understanding of the development of entrepreneurship competencies (e.g., Baker and Nelson 2005; Lans et al. 2008; Neck and Greene 2011; Man et al. 2002; Morris et al. 2013) by providing different frameworks for the classification of competencies.”
Background
A Multilevel Model of Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention: Opportunity Recognition as a Mediator and Entrepreneurial Learning as a Moderator
Hou, F., Su, Y. P., Qi, M., Chen, J., & Tang, J.-Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.837388 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Graduates of venture creation programs – where do they apply their entrepreneurial competencies?
Alsos, G. A., Hägg, G., Lundqvist, M. A., Politis, D., Stockhaus, M., Middleton, K. W., & Djupdal, K. (2022) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-022-00641-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Over the last two decades, the role of experience has been presumed as crucial in teaching and learning entrepreneurial competencies in educational forums (Dhliwayo, 2008; Hägg & Kurczewska, 2021; Morris et al., 2013; Politis, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure and Action of Women Entrepreneurs: Exploring the Moderation Effects of Entrepreneurial Competencies in a Developing Country Context
Botha, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00922 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Second, as a result, the hypothesized model validates the value of incorporating both psychology theories, namely, the structuration and mindset theories for jointly and, respectively investigating ECs (Morris et al., 2013) and entrepreneurial action (McMullen and Dimov, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Best of entrepreneurship education? A curriculum analysis of the highest-ranking entrepreneurship MBA programs
Tiberius, V., Weyland, M., & Mahto, R. V. (2022) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100753 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Female entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems
Kakeesh, D. F. (2024) · Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/jrme-09-2023-0158 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The interplay of entrepreneurship education and national cultures in entrepreneurial activity: a social cognitive perspective
Oo, P. P., Sahaym, A., Juasrikul, S., & Lee, S. (2018) · Journal of International Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/s10843-018-0229-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
What's Gender Got to Do with It? The Experiences of U.S. Women Entrepreneurship Students
Cochran, S. L. (2019) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/jsbm.12508 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It is a rapidly growing field with over 3,000 institutions offering courses in the subject with the majority streamlining their entrepreneurial activity into a center to include both academic and extracurricular programs (Morris et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Value creation in entrepreneurial education: towards a unified approach
Jones, C. P. A., Penaluna, K., & Penaluna, A. (2020) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-06-2020-0165 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Entrepreneurship learning, positive psychological capital and entrepreneur competence of students: a research study
Hasan, M., Hatidja, S., Nurjanna, N., Guampe, F. A., Gempita, G., & Ma’ruf, M. I. (2019) · Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues · doi:10.9770/jesi.2019.7.1(30 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Unpacking entrepreneurial alertness: How character matters for entrepreneurial thinking
Pirhadi, H., Soleimanof, S., & Feyzbakhsh, A. (2021) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1080/00472778.2021.1907584 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Therefore this study also contributes to research on entrepreneurship education that strives to understand how to teach and train individuals to develop entrepreneurial mindsets and competencies (Morris et al., 2013).”
Background
A Competence Development Approach for Entrepreneurial Mindset in Entrepreneurship Education
Mawson, S., Casulli, L., & Simmons, E. L. (2022) · Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy · doi:10.1177/25151274221143146 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…please see (Le Deist & Winterton, 2005), within entrepreneurship scholars have adopted a holistic approach to competence which encompasses “the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and behaviors that people need to successfully perform a particular activity or task” (Morris et al., 2013, p. 353).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Identifying innovative opportunities in the entrepreneurship classroom: a new approach and empirical test
Cohen, D., Hsu, D. K., & Shinnar, R. S. (2020) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-020-00387-z · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Competencies of disabled entrepreneurs in Iran: implications for learning and development
Bagheri, A., & Abbariki, M. (2016) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2016.1268524 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…competence contains multiple facets (cognitive, attitudinal, behavioral, functional and social) and can be formed and developed by contextual factors such as education, training and experience (Kyndt and Baert 2015; Lans et al. 2011; Mitchelmore and Rowley 2010; Morris et al. 2013; Sánchez 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Team entrepreneurial competence: multilevel effects on individual cognitive strategies
Santos, S. C., Morris, M. H., Caetano, A., Costa, S. F., & Neumeyer, X. (2019) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-03-2018-0126 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“, 2017; Middleton and Nowell, 2018), team entrepreneurial cognition (Shepherd and Krueger, 2002; West, 2007) and entrepreneurial competencies (Morris et al., 2013) to further understand how entrepreneurial teams function.”
BackgroundInfluential
Situated learning in a business incubator: Encouraging students to become real entrepreneurs
Jones, O., Meckel, P., & Taylor, D. (2021) · Industry and Higher Education · doi:10.1177/09504222211008117 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“As pointed out by Tocher et al. (2015), ‘social resources’ are fundamental to effective businesses opportunity development and exploitation (see Morris et al., 2013).”
Background

Entrepreneurship Education in South Africa
Chimucheka, T. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n2p403 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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Entrepreneurship and higher education. An outlook on some best practices in entrepreneurship education
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Study on Entrepreneurship Education Based on the Entrepreneurship Firms’ Growth Theory Viewpoint
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Authors: Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., Fu, J., & Singhal, S.
Affiliations: Oklahoma State University (US)
Corresponding author: Morris, Michael H.
ORCID: Morris, Michael H.
Fu, Jun
Venue: Journal of Small Business Management
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2013-06-13
Volume: 51
Issue: 3
Pages: 352-369
ISSN: 0047-2778 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12023
OpenAlex: W2025701562
Semantic Scholar: 925e5237234deea3ea3f9c135a15d03764be042a
Cited by: 670
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 44.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 810 d)
Locations: Journal of Small Business Management (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences
Social Sciences › Education › Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education
Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education and Employability
Keywords: entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial skills, managerial competencies, structuration theory, scripts, competence development, competency measurement, international education programs, learning outcomes

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A Competency-Based Perspective on Entrepreneurship Education: Conceptual and Empirical Insights

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