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Cited by 106Sleep and related disordersImpact of Technology on AdolescentsCircadian rhythm and melatonin

Bedtime, shuteye time and electronic media: sleep displacement is a two-step process.

Open access
Exelmans, Liese, Van den Bulck, Jan·2017·Journal of Sleep Research
DOI 10.1111/jsr.12510
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Abstract

This study argues that going to bed may not be synonymous with going to sleep, and that this fragmentation of bedtime results in a two-step sleep displacement. We separated bedtime (i.e. going to bed) from shuteye time (i.e. attempting to go to sleep once in bed) and assessed the prevalence of electronic media use in both time slots. A convenience sample of 338 adults (aged 18-25 years, 67.6% women) participated in an online survey. Results indicated a gap of 39 min between bedtime and shuteye time, referred to as 'shuteye latency'. Respondents with a shuteye latency of, respectively, ≤30 min, ≤1 or >1 h, were 3.3, 6.1 and 9.3 times more likely to be rated as poor sleepers compared to those who went to sleep immediately after going to bed. Before bedtime, volume of electronic media use (17 h 55 min per week) was higher than non-media activities (14 h per week), whereas the opposite was true after bedtime (media = 3 h 41 min, non-media = 7 h 46 min). Shuteye latency was related exclusively to prebedtime media use. Findings confirmed the proposed fragmentation of bedtime. Sleep displacement should therefore be redefined as a two-step process, as respondents not only engage in the delay of bedtime, but also in the delay of shuteye time once in bed. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed.

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Crossref · 10.1111/jsr.12510

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24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The study had objective measures of sleep via accelerometry and objectively measured screen time from getting into bed until shut-eye using infrared night vision video cameras.

    “We had objective measures of sleep via accelerometry and objectively measured screen time from getting into bed until shut-eye (the shut-eye latency period) using infrared night vision video cameras, a bedtime period often missed or mischaracterized in sleep research.49,50”

    From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [49]

  • This approach revealed a high amount of screen time after getting into bed, which challenges the use of bedtime as a proxy for the start of attempting sleep in sleep assessments.

    “This approach revealed a high amount of screen time after getting into bed, which challenges the use of bedtime as a proxy for the start of attempting sleep in sleep assessments.49”

    From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [49]

  • Time spent on social media may replace time spent sleeping, leading to delayed bedtimes and shortened sleep duration.

    “First, the time spent on social media may replace that spent sleeping, leading to delayed bedtimes and shortened sleep duration [23].”

    From A serial mediation model of social media addiction and college students' academic engagement: the role of sleep quality and fatigue (2023) · cites this paper as [23]

  • Several observational studies using wearable image cameras to describe screen time did not investigate associations with sleep outcomes.

    “Furthermore, although several observational studies used wearable image cameras to describe screen time,25,26,39,40 they did not investigate associations with sleep outcomes.”

    From Screen Use at Bedtime and Sleep Duration and Quality Among Youths (2024) · cites this paper as [40]

  • Some participants may have reported the time they get into bed rather than sleep onset, in which case actual sleep onset would be even further delayed.

    “some participants may have reported the time that they get into bed, in which case actual sleep onset would be even further delayed.42”

    From Social media use and adolescent sleep patterns: cross-sectional findings from the UK millennium cohort study (2019) · cites this paper as [42]

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Authors
Exelmans, L., & Van den Bulck, J.
Affiliations
  • KU Leuven (BE)
  • Department of Communication Studies University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
Corresponding author
Exelmans, Liese
ORCID
Exelmans, Liese
Venue
Journal of Sleep Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2017-03-08
Volume
26
Issue
3
Pages
364-370
ISSN
  • 0962-1105 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2869
DOI
10.1111/jsr.12510
OpenAlex
W2593733960
Cited by
106
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
FWCI
9.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Sleep Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
  • Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords
bedtime, electronic media use, bedtime procrastination, sleep onset delay, sleep quality, young adults
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Computers, Electronics, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Photic Stimulation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Television, Time Factors, Young Adult

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