“To sleep, perchance to tweet”: in-bed electronic social media use and its associations with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults
Abstract
Objectives The use of mobile device-based electronic social media (ESM) in bed is rapidly becoming commonplace, with potentially adverse impacts on sleep and daytime functioning. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which in-bed ESM use is associated with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults.Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted among 855 hospital employees and university students (mean age, 43.6years; 85% female) via an online questionnaire.Results Nearly 70% of participants indulged in in-bed ESM use, with nearly 15% spending an hour or more a night doing so. The degree of in-bed ESM use did not vary by gender, but higher levels of in-bed ESM use were seen in younger and middle-aged than elderly participants. Compared with participants with no in-bed ESM use and controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity, participants with high in-bed ESM use were more likely to have insomnia, anxiety, and short sleep duration on weeknights, but not depression or daytime sleepiness; low in-bed ESM use only increased the likelihood of short sleep duration on weeknights. In-bed ESM use by a bed partner did not have an adverse association with sleep or mood.Conclusions In-bed ESM use is associated with sleep and mood dysfunction in adults. These findings are of relevance to clinicians, therapists, and the public at large, as they suggest that limitation of in-bed ESM use is a potential interventional strategy in the overall management of sleep hygiene and mental health.
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Some studies have linked more time on social media to increased depressive or anxious symptoms.
“Although some studies have linked more time on social media to increased depressive or anxious symptoms [10,47]”
From Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
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“Given the relatively well-established association between subjective measures of smartphone use and impaired sleep [1, 9, 10], these findings should be replicated in larger prospective samples with both objective and subjective smartphone measures before drawing firm conclusions.”
BackgroundYe, Y., Wang, H., Ye, L., & Gao, H. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2024.049606 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Previous studies often did not differentiate the time of day of social media use, typically treating it as a whole [64] or primarily focusing on nighttime and pre-sleep usage [65,66].”
BackgroundGammoh, O., Alqudah, A. M., Qnais, E. Y., & Alotaibi, B. S. (2024) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102685 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The findings of this study can be explained by the fact that younger adults could spend more time on social media to follow war news (Bhat et al., 2018), in addition, it can be hypothesized that younger adults lack resilience and coping mechanisms to alleviate insomnia (Palagini et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Digital Media and Media Multitasking on Attention Problems and Sleep
Baumgartner, S. E. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108976237.017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hill, V. M., Ferguson, S. A., Rebar, A. L., Meaklim, H., & Vincent, G. E. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.02.043 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Huang, W., Zhang, X., & He, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1608241 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mason, B., Tubbs, A. S., Fernandez, F., & Grandner, M. A. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.2021229 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Moreover, many individuals use these devices in bed before sleep (Bhat et al. 2018) when their circadian effects are most pronounced.”
BackgroundExcessive daytime sleepiness and sleep hygiene of working adults in Spain
González-Moro, M. T. R., Gallego‐Gómez, J. I., Catalán, T. V., López, M. L. L., Sánchez, M. C. M., & Simonelli‐Muñoz, A. J. (2018) · Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra · doi:10.23938/assn.0378 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Later bedtimes predict President Trump’s performance
Almond, D. V., & Du, X. (2020) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109590 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fuentes-Senise, C., & García‐Corpas, J. P. (2022) · Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) · doi:10.30827/ars.v64i1.26223 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Their negative effect on SQ has not been clearly demonstrated(27).”
BackgroundZarhin, D. (2023) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/00380385231157560 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Most prior studies have centred on adolescents and children (Bergfeld and Van den Bulck, 2021; Caumo et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2019), although some have examined adults as well (e.g. Bhat et al., 2018; Exelmans and Van den Bulck, 2016a, 2016b).”
BackgroundLiu, P. L. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2024.2444652 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that insomnia and reduced sleep duration due to social media use contribute to physical exhaustion and tiredness (Bhat et al., 2018).”
Vézina‐Im, L., Morin, C. M., Lapointe, A., & Desroches, S. (2023) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1767751 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Sleep Quality in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Scoping Review of Reviews
Ndubisi, A., Agyapong-Opoku, F., & Agyapong, B. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010051 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…disrupt sleep–wake cycles; constant notifications; habitual scrolling on platforms late at night; fear of missing out (FOMO); and insufficient rest [8–10], although one study has refuted the direct effect of short-wavelength light (perceived as blue-to-green light), suggesting the effects on sleep…”
Stević, A., Schmuck, D., Thomas, M. F., Karsay, K., & Matthes, J. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231164734 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Similarly, engaging in electronic media use for texting and Facebook and Twitter use has been found to relate to sleep dysfunctions (Bhat et al., 2018).”
BackgroundJohnson, L. C. M., Ortiz, L. B., Jagtiani, A., Barber, L. E., Gujral, U. P., & Johnson, D. A. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.08.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Characterizing sleep in adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Vézina‐Im, L., Turcotte, S., Turcotte, A., Beaulieu, D., Boudreau, F., & Morin, C. (2024) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2024.100078 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Social Media and the Collective Unconscious
Clapp, J. (2022) · Jung Journal · doi:10.1080/19342039.2022.2088995 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Patterns of Emotional Experience
Nabi, R. L., Wolfers, L. N., & King, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197520536.003.0009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stop (to Work) and Go (to Recover) During Mandatory Work From Home: A Three-Wave Study
Molino, M., Dolce, V., Cortese, C. G., Sanseverino, D., & Ghislieri, C. (2023) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981231192988 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…insomnia problems, sleep fragmentation, nightmares, and, in general, some specific tendencies in sleep–wake cycles (Bhat & Chokroverty, 2022), which are probably also related to the excessive use of smartphones, whose association with sleep problems has already been highlighted (Bhat et al., 2018).”
BackgroundXie, T., & Wang, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22698-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Studies pointed out that variations in social media use [10], compulsive social media use [11], and problematic social media use [12] were associated with sleep-related problems like sleep disturbance [13], insomnia [14], and poor sleep quality [10].”
Hill, C. G., Beymer, M. R., Jarvis, B. P., Smith, J. D., Nichols, J., Mysliwiec, V., Pecko, J. A., & Watkins, E. Y. (2019) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz423 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Marta, O. F. D., Safitri, A., & Aini, N. (2021) · Jurnal Keperawatan · doi:10.22219/jk.v12i1.15206 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oliveira, A. P., Nobre, J. R., Monteiro, F., Rodrigues, C., Louro, O. B., Valente, N., Branquinho, L., Carrajola, N., & Morgado, B. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14030343 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Al-khlaiwi, T., & Habib, S. S. (2021) · Khyber Medical University Journal · doi:10.35845/kmuj.2021.20531 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychosocial determinants of healthy sleep habits in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Vézina‐Im, L., Turcotte, S., Turcotte, A., Beaulieu, D., Boudreau, F., & Morin, C. (2023) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2023.2296464 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…study suggest that few adults with diabetes adopt HSH. Close to 75% of adults with diabetes mentioned having used screens in bed in the last month, which is similar to another study in which nearly 70% of adults reported mobile device-based electronic social media in bed (Bhat et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKamaruzihan, N. Q. M., & Soe, M. K. S. (2023) · Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.31436/jop.v3i1.168 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
THE EXCESSIVE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INSOMNIA AMONG NURSING STUDENTS
Siregar, D., Adellia, A., Harefa, A. H., Oriza, Y., Siregar, D., & Hutasoit, E. O. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) · doi:10.29082/ijnms/2021/vol5/iss2/352 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sleep and sleep-modifying factors in chronic migraine patients during the COVID-19 lockdown
Currò, C. T., Ciacciarelli, A., Vitale, C., Spina, P. L., Toscano, A., Vita, G., Trimarchi, G. R., Silvestri, R., & Autunno, M. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-06378-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scott, H., & Cleland Woods, H. (2025) · The Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Magalhães, J. R., Figueiredo, M. M. C., Santos, A. B. T. M. D., Cefalì, F., Solfa, D. D. O., Neto, R. B. M., Fontenelle, S. G. P., Girão, M. V. F., Barreiros, R. M., Stangherlin, L., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Clinical Medicine and Review · doi:10.52600/2965-0968.bjcmr.2024.2.4.34-43 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“There is already data indicating a 70% increase in the time spent [2, 3].”
BackgroundSanders, N., Randell, R. K., Thomas, C., Bailey, S. J., & Clifford, T. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13060189 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…the use of electronic devices close to bedtime disrupts sleep [70]; however, the use of technology before bedtime is not unique to athletic populations, with 90% of the American general population [71] and young adult UK population [70] reporting the use of technology in the hour preceding bedtime.”
The complex association between bedtime screen use and adult sleep health
Vézina‐Im, L., Morin, C. M., Chen, S., Ivers, H., Carney, C. E., Chaput, J., Dang‐Vu, T. T., Davidson, J. R., & Robillard, R. (2025) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.06.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does media use before bedtime affect the sleep of psychosomatic rehabilitation patients?
Faber, J., Steinbrecher-Hocke, I., Bommersbach, P., & Schlarb, A. A. (2020) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-020-00282-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parasomnias During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Laudo, F. D., Mainieri, G., & Provini, F. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.10.012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Avoiding burnout: A gastroenterologist's toolbox
Patel, R. V., & Keswani, R. N. (2019) · Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.tgie.2019.07.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vézina‐Im, L., Beaulieu, D., Thompson, D. I., Nicklas, T. A., & Baranowski, T. (2021) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2021.1966159 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghislieri, C., Sanseverino, D., Colombo, L., Zito, M., Spagnoli, P., & Molino, M. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251357038 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…which represent both personal and organizational costs, is crucial for assessing well-being in the academic context and implementing targeted interventions, such as technology disconnection policies or sleep hygiene courses and programs (Bhat et al., 2018; Olson et al., 2015; Redeker et al., 2019).”
Garcia, M. A., Vernon, A. R., Pérez-Martinez, R. F., Romero, E. J., Aguirre, A. P., Cooper, T. V., & Volpert‐Esmond, H. I. (2026) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2026.05.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Halima Mohamed, A. (2021) · International Journal of Educational & Psychological Studies · doi:10.31559/eps2021.9.3.16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Table (11) shows that there are statistically significant differences in marital status, F = 33.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Using Gadgets and Social Media
Salsabila, L. S. R. (2022) · KESANS International Journal of Health and Science · doi:10.54543/kesans.v1i4.43 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kang, K. W., Kim, J., Kim, K. T., Kim, M., & Cho, Y. W. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e413 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“40 Although a considerable amount of evidence links EUB to physical and mental health symptoms, 18,29,30,34 less research has focused on exploring the effect of EUB on mental health compared to BP.”
BackgroundRufino, J. V., Rodrigues, R., Mesas, A. E., & Guidoni, C. M. (2024) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311xpt097423 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…do smartphone , que pode afetar o sistema de temporização do ciclo sono-vigília e a liberação da melatonina, resul-tando em alterações psicológicas e elevados níveis de depressão 7,52 , além da associação entre o maior tempo de uso de mídias sociais e um menor tempo disponível para dormir 53,54 .”
Problematic Social Media Use and Anxiety: A Literature Review and Conceptual ModelPreprint
Sahu, A., Shukla, V., Gillespie, K. M., Tobin, S. J., & Bartlett, S. E. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8225360/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Does social media use adversely affect sleep duration in adults?
Wasey, W., LeVault, K. R., Walker, K., O'Malley, M., & Wallman, J. (2021) · Evidence-Based Practice · doi:10.1097/ebp.0000000000001249
Living through the COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius: mental well-being and dependence on Facebook
Ramdawor, S., Putteeraj, M., Moty, N., & Somanah, J. (2022) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-022-00044-4
“Interestingly, while previous studies have reported the use of social media to be most prominent at night reflecting in-bed use of social networking sites [6], contradictory results were observed in this study with a significant use of Facebook throughout the day.”
ResultSpiegelhalder, K., Ebert, D. D., & Lehr, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65816-1_8
15. Sleep Behaviors and Disorders
Peppard, P. E., Hagen, E. W., & Hale, L. E. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533377ch15
- Authors
- Bhat, S., Pinto-Zipp, G., Upadhyay, H., & Polos, P. G.
- Affiliations
- John F. Kennedy Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bhat, Sushanth
- ORCID
- Upadhyay, Hinesh
- Venue
- Sleep Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 166-173
- ISSN
- 2352-7218 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2783475325
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 11.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, anxiety, depression, sleep duration, sleep hygiene, mobile devices, adults
- MeSH terms
- Sleepiness, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Beds, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Time Factors, Young Adult, Social Media
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