Randomized field trial on the effects of body weight and short transport on stress and immune variables in 2- to 4-week-old dairy calves
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Abstract Background Whether underweight calves respond differently to transport stress, enhancing their disease risk, is currently unknown. Objective To determine the effects of low body weight and transport stress on immune variables. Animals Twenty-one 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves, housed on a commercial farm. Methods Randomized clinical trial. Full factorial design with 4 treatment groups: low body weight (≤46 kg)/no transport (LOWCON); low body weight/transport (LOWTRANS); normal body weight (>46 kg)/no transport (NORMCON), and normal body weight/transport (NORMTRANS). Transport duration was 2 hours. Results Transport significantly increased serum cortisol concentration (77.8 μg/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 37.8-131.6; P < .001), interleukin (IL)-17A (344.9 pg/mL; 95% CI, 32.2-556.5; P = .04), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (218.2 pg/mL; 95% CI, 32.5-368.3; P = .03) production after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Body weight did not affect any of the studied variables. However, the interaction of transport and body weight was significant. LOWTRANS calves showed increased monocyte count (2.0 × 109/L; 95% CI, 0.6-4.2; P < .05) and interleukin IL-17A production (106.0 pg/mL; 95% CI, 4.2-306.9; P = .03) compared to normal weight calves and increased TNF-α production (275.6 pg/mL; 95% CI, 2.6-463.0; P = .02) compared to LOWCON calves in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after transport. Conclusion and Clinical Importance These findings contribute to our understanding of increased disease susceptibility of underweight calves when transported. Gamma globulin concentration was identified as important interfering factor in studies on immune variables in neonatal calves.
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Cortisol levels in the current study were low compared to those of other studies; however, the short half-life of this glucocorticoid affects the results.
“Cortisol levels in the current study were low compared to those of other studies (17, 37); however, the short half-life of this glucocorticoid affects the results.”
From Effect of source and journey on physiological variables in calves transported by road and ferry between Ireland and the Netherlands (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the cortisol peak in the cited calf study was less pronounced than in most previous studies of older animals or longer transports. The Results (page unavailable) describe a short-lived peak, but the paper does not establish cortisol’s half-life or say that its half-life affected the citing study’s results. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth cortisol and lactate have been shown to increase in response to transport in calves, whilst in other research, creatine kinase and lactate were not affected by transport but did increase in response to stocking density or exposure to prevailing weather.
“Both cortisol and lactate have been shown to increase in response to transport in calves (11, 17, 30), whilst in other research, creatine kinase and lactate were not affected by transport but did increase in response to stocking density or exposure to prevailing weather (11, 15, 36).”
From Effect of source and journey on physiological variables in calves transported by road and ferry between Ireland and the Netherlands (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEven short transport (2 h) was shown to increase cortisol levels.
“Transport (18–20 h) has been shown to negatively alter hematology (16) and biochemistry (11), and even short transport (2h) was shown to increase cortisol levels (17).”
From Effect of source and journey on physiological variables in calves transported by road and ferry between Ireland and the Netherlands (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Calves with a low body weight were shown to respond to transport differently than calves that had a normal body weight and similar age.
“Calves with a low body weight were shown to respond to transport differently than calves that had a normal body weight and similar age (17).”
From Effect of source and journey on physiological variables in calves transported by road and ferry between Ireland and the Netherlands (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Cortisol has been reported to return to pre-transport values within 5 to 48 h.
“Cortisol has been reported to return to pre-transport values within 5 to 48 h (Bernardini et al., 2012; Masmeijer et al., 2019)”
From Effects of pre- and post-transport feeding protocols on the metabolism and physiological status of veal calves. (2025) · cites this paper as Masmeijer et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Masmeijer, C., Devriendt, B., Rogge, T., van Leenen, K., De Cremer, L., Van Ranst, B., Deprez, P., Cox, E., & Pardon, B.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Proviron Industries NV , Georges Gilliotstraat 60, Hemiksem,
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, , Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke,
- Van Ranst Dairy farm , Zeutestraat 3, Puurs,
- Corresponding author
- Masmeijer, Christien
- Venue
- Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-05-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1514-1529
- ISSN
- 0891-6640 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1676
- PMC
- PMC6524119
- OpenAlex
- W2946645783
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 7.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Baekeland grant (IWT.150705)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Keywords
- dairy calves, transport stress, body weight, immune response, cortisol, IL-17A, TNF-α, lipopolysaccharide stimulation, monocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, disease susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Weight, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Hydrocortisone, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Random Allocation, Stress, Physiological, Transportation, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-17
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