Clinical and metabolic indicators associated with early mortality at a milk-fed veal facility: A prospective case-control study

Renaud, D.L.; Duffield, T.F.; LeBlanc, S.J.; Haley, D.B.; Kelton, D.F.

doi:10.3168/jds.2017-14042

Cited by 70Animal health and immunologyAnimal Behavior and Welfare StudiesMicrobial infections and disease research

Clinical and metabolic indicators associated with early mortality at a milk-fed veal facility: A prospective case-control study

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Renaud, D.L., Duffield, T.F., LeBlanc, S.J., Haley, D.B., Kelton, D.F.·2018·Journal of Dairy Science

DOI 10.3168/jds.2017-14042

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Abstract

Antimicrobial use and resistance, in combination with high levels of mortality, are important challenges facing the veal industry. To improve both the economic sustainability of the industry and animal welfare, measures need to be taken to explore and address reasons for these challenges. Health status at arrival may be an important predictor of calf mortality because substantial mortality occurs early in the growing period on veal operations. The objective of this observational case-control study was to identify clinically measurable variables and metabolic indicators associated with mortality in the first 21 d following arrival at a veal facility. Calves were evaluated using a standardized health scoring system, blood was collected, calves were weighed, and the supplier of the calf was recorded at arrival. The calves were followed until death or 21 d after arrival. Cases were defined as calves that died ≤21 d following arrival. Two controls for every case were randomly selected from calves that survived >21 d, arrived on the same day, and were housed in the same barn as cases. Stored serum harvested at arrival from cases and controls was submitted for measurement of concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, cholesterol, urea, haptoglobin, and immunoglobulin G. A conditional logistic regression model was built to evaluate factors associated with mortality ≤21 d following arrival. A total of 4,825 calves were evaluated from November 2015 to September 2016. The mortality risk in the first 21 d was 2.8%, giving 135 cases, which were compared with 270 controls. Six variables were significant in the final multivariable model. Calves with a slightly enlarged navel with slight pain or moisture, and those with severe dehydration had increased odds of mortality ≤21 d following arrival. Drover-derived calves, calves that weighed more, and calves that had higher concentration of immunoglobulin G or cholesterol at arrival were less likely to die. The results demonstrate that calves at elevated risk for early mortality can be identified at arrival using both health and hematological factors. Early recognition of high-risk calves may allow for an intervention that could result in improvement in survival rates; however, prevention of these abnormalities before arrival at veal facilities needs to be further explored.

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Differences in the hematological profile of calves after transport might be related to factors such as age at first transport, handling, pretransport nutrition, transport conditions, type of vehicle, transport duration, and recovery time upon arrival.
“Differences in the hematological profile of calves after transport might be related to different factors, such as age of calves at first transport, handling, pretransport nutrition, transport conditions, type of vehicle, transport duration (Schaefer et al., 1997”
From Effects of pretransport diet, transport duration, and type of vehicle on physiological status of young veal calves. (2020) · cites this paper as Renaud et al., 2018
The Introduction links calf nutrition and transport to energy status and identifies serum measures of that status. The Discussion says transport duration may explain differences in some measured blood parameters. Neither section supports the full list of proposed factors, including vehicle type and recovery time upon arrival; the paper also does not assess differences in calves’ hematological profiles across those factors. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Transport of calves from the dairy farm to a collection center or auction center, followed by a second transport to the veal farm, is one of the largest challenges for veal calves.
“One of the largest challenges is transport of calves from the dairy farm to a collection center (CC) or auction center, followed by a second transport to the veal farm (Renaud et al., 2018”
From Effects of pretransport diet, transport duration, and type of vehicle on physiological status of young veal calves. (2020) · cites this paper as Renaud et al., 2018
The Data Collection section (page unavailable) describes calves delivered directly from dairy farms, transported by drovers from multiple farms, or sourced from auctions. It does not describe a collection-center stop followed by a second transport, or identify that journey as one of the largest challenges for veal calves. The Discussion (page unavailable) instead calls reliance on care at the dairy farm of origin a major challenge. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors: Renaud, D. L., Duffield, T. F., LeBlanc, S. J., Haley, D. B., & Kelton, D. F.
Affiliations: University of Guelph (CA)
Corresponding author: Kelton, D.F.
ORCID: Renaud, D.L.
Duffield, T.F.
LeBlanc, S.J.
Haley, D.B.
Venue: Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher: American Dairy Science Association
Published: 2018-03
Volume: 101
Issue: 3
Pages: 2669-2678
ISSN: 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14042
OpenAlex: W2776620249
Cited by: 70
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 7.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 365 d)
Locations: Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Dairy Farmers of Ontario
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Topics: Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Keywords: veal calves, early mortality, dehydration, IgG, cholesterol, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, serum biochemistry, mortality risk factors
MeSH terms: Animals, Animal Feed, Animal Welfare, Anti-Infective Agents, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Health Status Indicators, Meat, Milk, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Case-Control Studies

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Clinical and metabolic indicators associated with early mortality at a milk-fed veal facility: A prospective case-control study

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