VIII. NIH toolbox cognition battery (CB): composite scores of crystallized, fluid, and overall cognition
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The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB) includes 7 tests covering 6 cognitive abilities. This chapter describes the psychometric characteristics in children ages 3-15 years of a total summary score and composite scores reflecting two major types of cognition: "crystallized" (more dependent upon past learning experiences) and "fluid" (capacity for new learning and information processing in novel situations). Both types of cognition are considered important in everyday functioning, but are thought to be differently affected by brain health status throughout life, from early childhood through older adulthood. All three Toolbox composite scores showed excellent test-retest reliability, robust developmental effects across the childhood age range considered here, and strong correlations with established measures of similar abilities. Additional preliminary evidence of validity includes significant associations between all three Toolbox composite scores and maternal reports of children's health status and school performance.
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In a sample of healthy children, the NIHTB-CB crystallized composite score correlated highly with composite scores of language abilities (r = 0.90) and fluid cognitive abilities (r = 0.71).
“In a sample of healthy children, the NIHTB-CB crystallized composite score correlated highly with composite scores of language abilities (r = 0.90) and fluid cognitive abilities (e.g., tests of attention, processing speed, working memory, and executive functions) (r = 0.71), showing a strong correspondence between this score and performances on several cognitive domains (Akshoomoff et al., 2013).”
From Cognitive weaknesses or impairments on the NIH toolbox cognition battery in children and adolescents: base rates in a normative sample and proposed methods for classification (2025) · cites this paper as Akshoomoff et al., 2013
The Results > Construct Validity section reports a median correlation of r = .71 between the Toolbox Crystallized and gold-standard Fluid composites, supporting that part of the claim. It reports a median of r = .88—not r = .90—for the analogous Crystallized composites, and says the correlations were calculated separately for two child age groups rather than for the full sample. The Method > “Gold Standard” Cognitive Measures section identifies the crystallized comparison as reading and vocabulary measures. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Akshoomoff, N., Beaumont, J. L., Bauer, P. J., Dikmen, S. S., Gershon, R. C., Mungas, D., Slotkin, J., Tulsky, D., Weintraub, S., Zelazo, P. D., & Heaton, R. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heaton, Robert K
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 119-132
- ISSN
- 0037-976X (ISSN-L)
- 1540-5834
- PMC
- PMC4103789
- OpenAlex
- W2098834660
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010129, R01AG010220)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH062512)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, child cognitive development, test-retest reliability, psychometric properties, academic performance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Humans, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, United States, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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