Screen media activity and brain structure in youth: Evidence for diverse structural correlation networks from the ABCD study
Open accessAbstract
The adolescent brain undergoes profound structural changes which is influenced by many factors. Screen media activity (SMA; e.g., watching television or videos, playing video games, or using social media) is a common recreational activity in children and adolescents; however, its effect on brain structure is not well understood. A multivariate approach with the first cross-sectional data release from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study was used to test the maturational coupling hypothesis, i.e. the notion that coordinated patterns of structural change related to specific behaviors. Moreover, the utility of this approach was tested by determining the association between these structural correlation networks and psychopathology or cognition. ABCD participants with usable structural imaging and SMA data (N = 4277 of 4524) were subjected to a Group Factor Analysis (GFA) to identify latent variables that relate SMA to cortical thickness, sulcal depth, and gray matter volume. Subject scores from these latent variables were used in generalized linear mixed-effect models to investigate associations between SMA and internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, as well as fluid and crystalized intelligence. Four SMA-related GFAs explained 37% of the variance between SMA and structural brain indices. SMA-related GFAs correlated with brain areas that support homologous functions. Some but not all SMA-related factors corresponded with higher externalizing (Cohen's d effect size (ES) 0.06-0.1) but not internalizing psychopathology and lower crystalized (ES: 0.08-0.1) and fluid intelligence (ES: 0.04-0.09). Taken together, these findings support the notion of SMA related maturational coupling or structural correlation networks in the brain and provides evidence that individual differences of these networks have mixed consequences for psychopathology and cognitive performance.
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Greater screen time in children is associated with lower cortical thickness, particularly in areas associated with language and literacy skills.
“Research has also shown that greater screen time in children is associated with lower cortical thickness, particularly in areas associated with language and literacy skills (Paulus et al., 2019).”
From The impact of digital technology, social media, and artificial intelligence on cognitive functions: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Paulus et al., 2019
The Discussion (Screen Media Activity and Brain Structure; page unavailable) associates greater screen media activity with thinner cortex, especially in visual areas. It does not identify language- or literacy-related areas as the particular sites of cortical thinning. The Introduction discusses lower connectivity involving language-related regions, which is a different measure. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChanges in visual system structural patterns from screen time may negatively affect the functioning of other cortical networks, such as cognitive control regions, that interact with sensorimotor areas.
“which may negatively affect the functioning of other cortical networks, such as cognitive control regions, that interact with sensorimotor areas [33].”
For crystallized intelligence, screen time in general and social media activity show strong negative associations with occipital and orbitofrontal volume.
“In contrast, for crystallized intelligence, screen time in general and social media activity showed strong negative associations with occipital and orbitofrontal volume [33].”
Screen time is strongly associated with externalizing (but not internalizing) psychopathology and changes in cortical and limbic structures (smaller orbitofrontal volume, thinner occipital and temporal cortices, thinner hippocampi).
“Second, results showed a strong association between screen time, externalizing (but not internalizing) psychopathology, and changes in cortical and limbic structures (e.g., smaller orbitofrontal volume, thinner occipital and temporal cortices, thinner hippocampi) [33]”
The ABCD Study identified associations between screen time, brain structure (cortical thickness, gray matter volume, sulcal depth), and cognition (fluid and crystallized intelligence) and mental health (internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies).
“The study identified several associations between screen time, brain structure (e.g., cortical thickness, gray matter volume, and sulcal depth), and cognition (e.g., fluid and crystallized intelligence) and mental health (e.g., internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies) [33].”
Changes in cortical networks are thought to be influenced by early environmental experiences including childhood abuse, urban upbringing, and screen time, and may have serious lifetime impacts on general cognitive ability, social-emotional behaviour, psychopathology, and substance use and abuse.
“Changes in these cortical networks are thought to be influenced by early environmental experiences, including childhood abuse [83], urban upbringing [84], and screen time [33], and may have serious lifetime impacts on general cognitive ability, social-emotional behaviour, psychopathology, and substance use and abuse.”
Preliminary data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study show that screen time significantly impacts the relationship between cognitive-behavioural maturational markers and normal patterns of brain development in children and adolescents.
“Preliminary data from The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a multi-site longitudinal neuroimaging study, shows the significant impact that screen time has on the relationship between cognitive-behavioural maturational markers and normal patterns of brain development in children and adolescents [33,85].”
Screen time is robustly associated with changes in visual system structural patterns (reduced volume, thinner cortex, variations in sulcal depth).
“First, results showed a robust association between screen time and changes in visual system structural patterns (i.e., reduced volume, thinner cortex, variations in sulcal depth)”
For fluid intelligence, gaming activity shows positive associations with prefrontal cortex thinning, whereas social media activity shows negative associations with hippocampal thickness and temporal lobe volume.
“For fluid intelligence, gaming activity showed positive associations with prefrontal cortex thinning, whereas social media activity showed negative associations with hippocampal thickness and temporal lobe volume [33].”
Total screen time was calculated based on a previously validated measure.
“Total screen time was calculated separately for weekdays and weekend days, based on a previously validated measure [93–95].”
From Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (2024) · cites this paper as [95]
Research so far shows mixed consequences of screen time on cognitive abilities related to intelligence.
“Research so far shows mixed consequences of screen time on cognitive abilities related to intelligence10–13.”
From The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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Zhao, Y., Han, X., Bagot, K. S., Tapert, S. F., Potenza, M. N., & Paulus, M. P. (2025) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-025-00131-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Longitudinal relationships between lifestyle risk factors and neurodevelopment in early adolescence.
Mewton, L. R., Davies, S. R., Sunderland, M., Champion, K. E., Hoy, N., Newton, N. C., Teesson, M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2023) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001248 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Paulus, M. P., Squeglia, L. M., Bagot, K., Jacobus, J., Kuplicki, R., Breslin, F. J., Bodurka, J., Morris, A. S., Thompson, W. K., Bartsch, H., & Tapert, S. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Paulus, Martin P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 185
- Pages
- 140-153
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6487868
- OpenAlex
- W2897654119
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 33.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (U01DA041022, U01DA041025, U01DA041028, U01DA041048, U01DA041089, U01DA041093, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041120, U01DA041134, U01DA041148, U01DA041156, U01DA041174, U24DA041123, U24DA041147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- adolescent brain development, video games, social media use, television viewing, cortical thickness, sulcal depth, gray matter volume, internalizing psychopathology, externalizing psychopathology, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study
- MeSH terms
- Screen Time, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Brain, Child, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Individuality, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Nerve Net, Adolescent Development
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