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A systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue
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Summary: Exercise training (‘exercise’) and hypocaloric diet (‘diet’) are frequently prescribed for weight loss in obesity. Whilst body weight changes are commonly used to evaluate lifestyle interventions, visceral adiposity (VAT) is a more relevant and stronger predictor for morbidity and mortality. A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the effects of exercise or diet on VAT (quantified by radiographic imaging). Relevant databases were searched through May 2014. One hundred seventeen studies (n = 4,815) were included. We found that both exercise and diet cause VAT loss (P < 0.0001). When comparing diet versus training, diet caused a larger weight loss (P = 0.04). In contrast, a trend was observed towards a larger VAT decrease in exercise (P = 0.08). Changes in weight and VAT showed a strong correlation after diet (R2 = 0.737, P < 0.001), and a modest correlation after exercise (R2 = 0.451, P < 0.001). In the absence of weight loss, exercise is related to 6.1% decrease in VAT, whilst diet showed virtually no change (1.1%). In conclusion, both exercise and diet reduce VAT. Despite a larger effect of diet on total body weight loss, exercise tends to have superior effects in reducing VAT. Finally, total body weight loss does not necessarily reflect changes in VAT and may represent a poor marker when evaluating benefits of lifestyle‐interventions.
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“During moderate weight loss, for example, 5% of initial body weight, the associated loss in visceral adipose tissue has been estimated at 21% in response to exercise and 13% in response to diet.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Verheggen, R. J. H. M., Maessen, M. F. H., Green, D. J., Hermus, A. R. M. M., Hopman, M. T. E., & Thijssen, D. H. T.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Department of Physiology Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Verheggen, R. J. H. M.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-05-23
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 664-690
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- OpenAlex
- W2397931148
- Semantic Scholar
- 512581ef66a90e4e2c48fe3cbcf7ad8cf5add095
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 3.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- exercise training, hypocaloric diet, visceral adipose tissue, weight loss, obesity, weight loss interventions, lifestyle intervention, visceral fat
- MeSH terms
- Body Weight, Diet, Reducing, Humans, Obesity, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Caloric Restriction, Adiposity, Overweight
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