Public stigma and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking in the United Arab Emirates: The mediational role of self-stigma
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Scholars argue that public stigma is predictive of self-stigma, and self-stigma is a primary predictor of attitudes toward seeking psychological help (ATPH). This assertion remains undetermined outside of the United States. This study examines a potential mediational model in which internalized stigma was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between public stigma and ATPH using a sample in the United Arab Emirates. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, correlational design; 114 students completed measures of public stigma, self-stigma, and ATPH. FINDINGS: Full mediation occurred. The sample exhibited high levels of both public stigma and self-stigma. Psychology students manifested diminished levels of stigma and more favorable ATPH. Results are discussed in relation to the prevalent cultural and contextual factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Stigma reduction campaigns in this locale should target internalized stigma and its associated socio-cultural nuances.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Mental health stigma compounds the problem in some communities where issues of feasibility, acceptability, and cultural appropriateness deter individuals from seeking care.
“Moreover, mental health stigma compounds the problem in some communities where issues of feasibility, acceptability, and cultural appropriateness deters individuals from seeking care [19].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2013) · Cited by 44,563 · see citing works
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,026 · see citing works
Back-translation for cross-cultural research.
Brislin, R. W. (1970) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910457000100301 · Cited by 14,091 · see citing works
How stigma interferes with mental health care.
Corrigan, P. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.7.614 · Cited by 3,648 · see citing works
A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095613 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
On the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness: Stages, Disclosure, and Strategies for Change
Corrigan, P. W., & Rao, D. (2012) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371205700804 · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116820 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Andersson, G., Quigley, L., Kleiboer, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2013) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371305800702 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Orientations to seeking professional help: development and research utility of an attitude scale
Fischer, E. H., & Turner, J. I. (1970) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029636 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Hackler, A. H. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.40 · Cited by 965 · see citing works
Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help.
Komiya, N., Good, G. E., & Sherrod, N. B. (2000) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.138 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Examining a progressive model of self-stigma and its impact on people with serious mental illness
Corrigan, P. W., Rafacz, J. D., & Rüsch, N. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.024 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Evans-Lacko, S. E., Brohan, E., Mojtabai, R., & Thornicroft, G. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002558 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Empirical studies of self-stigma reduction strategies: a critical review of the literature
Mittal, D., Sullivan, G., Chekuri, L., Allee, E., & Corrigan, P. W. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100459 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma.
Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H., & Wade, N. G. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031889 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Treatment of Adult Depression in the United States
Olfson, M., Blanco, C., & Marcus, S. C. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5057 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Mental Health Stigma in the Muslim Community
Çiftçi, A., Jones, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2013) · Journal of Muslim Mental Health · doi:10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0007.102 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200561 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
LAM, L. C. W., Wong, C. S. M., Wang, M., Chan, W. C., Chen, E. Y. H., Ng, R. M.-K., Hung, S., Cheung, E. F. C., Sham, P. C., Chiu, H. F. K., et al. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1014-5 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Perception of and Attitude towards Mental Illness in Oman
Al‐Adawi, S., Dorvlo, A. S. S., Al-Ismaily, S. S., Al-Ghafry, D. A., Al-Noobi, B. Z., Al-Salmi, A., Burke, D. T., Shah, M. K., Ghassany, H., & Chand, S. P. (2002) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/002076402128783334 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Factors Associated With Stigmatizationof Persons With Mental Illness
Mann, C. E., & Himelein, M. J. (2004) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.2.185 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Picco, L., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., Pang, S., Shafie, S., Chua, B. Y., Vaingankar, J. A., Ong, L. P., Tay, J., & Subramaniam, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00547 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Swift, J. K., Greenberg, R. P., Tompkins, K. A., & Parkin, S. R. (2017) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000104 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Al‐Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Dean, Y., & Eltaiba, N. (2004) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764004040957 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Al‐Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., Al-Bedah, E. A., Kadri, H. M., & Sehwail, M. A. (2008) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-008-9175-2 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Men's help seeking: Examination of differences across community size, education, and income.
Hammer, J. H., Vogel, D. L., & Edwards, S. R. (2012) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0026813 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Schreiber, R. S., & Hartrick, G. A. (2002) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/016128402753542749 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Descriptive epidemiology of stigma against depression in a general population sample in Alberta
Cook, T. M., & Wang, J. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-29 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Stigma. Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
Waldschmidt, A. (2022) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05871-3_41 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2003) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.5.497 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Attitudes toward career counseling: The role of public and self-stigma.
Ludwikowski, W. M. A., Vogel, D. L., & Armstrong, P. I. (2009) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016180 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Eapen, V., & Ghubash, R. (2004) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.94.2.663-667 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Vogel, D. L., Armstrong, P. I., Tsai, P.-C., Wade, N. G., Hammer, J. H., Efstathiou, G., Holtham, E., Kouvaraki, E., Liao, H.-Y., Shechtman, Z., et al. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032055 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sinful and/or Possessed? Religious Beliefs and Mental Illness Stigma
Wesselmann, E. D., & Graziano, W. G. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.4.402 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Role of Public and Self-Stigma in Predicting Attitudes Toward Group Counseling
Vogel, D. L., Shechtman, Z., & Wade, N. G. (2010) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000010368297 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Stigma of Seeking Psychological Services: Examining College Students Across Ten Countries/Regions
Vogel, D. L., Strass, H. A., Heath, P. J., Al-Darmaki, F. R., Armstrong, P. I., Baptista, M. N., Brenner, R. E., Gonçalves, M., Lannin, D. G., Liao, H.-Y., et al. (2017) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000016671411 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Predicting Self-Esteem and Intentions to Seek Counseling
Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., Brenner, R. E., & Tucker, J. R. (2014) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000014541550 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mental health help-seeking behaviours in young adults
Mitchell, C. A., McMillan, B., & Thomas, T. H. (2016) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp17x688453 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mental illness stigma and disclosure in college students
Corrigan, P. W., Kosyluk, K. A., Markowitz, F. E., Brown, R. L., Conlon, B., Rees, J., Rosenberg, J., Ellefson, S. E., & Al‐Khouja, M. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2015.1101056 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Culture and Mental Illness in Algeria
Al‐Issa, I. (1990) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/002076409003600309 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ally, Y., & Laher, S. (2007) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-007-9133-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L., & Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2016) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000015621149 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mental Health Beliefs Amongst Emirati Female College Students
Al-Darmaki, F., Thomas, J., & Yaaqeib, S. (2016) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9918-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Smith, A. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2010) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling Education and Development · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2010.tb00097.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Middle Eastern Americans: The Effects of Stigma on Attitudes Toward Counseling
Soheilian, S. S., & Inman, A. G. (2009) · Journal of Muslim Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15564900903245766 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Vally, Z., & Abrahams, L. (2016) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-016-9275-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Exploratory Study of American Muslim Conceptions of Mental Illness
Bagasra, A. B., & Mackinem, M. B. (2014) · Journal of Muslim Mental Health · doi:10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0008.104 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Counseling Challenges within the Cultural Context of the United Arab Emirates
Al-Darmaki, F. R., & Sayed, M. A. (2012) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/.n35 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Designing Psychological Treatments for Scalability: The PREMIUM Approach
Vellakkal, S., & Patel, V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134189 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Choice of helpers, types of problems and sex of helpers of college students
Soliman, A. M. (1993) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/bf01418143 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Reducing Mental Illness Stigma in the Classroom
Matteo, E. K., & You, D. (2012) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628312437720 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Beatie, B. E., Stewart, D. W., & Walker, J. R. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2011) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sayed, M. A. (2002) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.3.235 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Vally, Z., & Maggott, C. (2015) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-015-9244-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFischer, E. H., & Turner, J. L. (1970) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0020198 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Can reflecting on personal values online increase positive beliefs about counseling?
Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., & Heath, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000201 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Vally, Z., Cody, B. L., Alsheraifi, S. N. M., & Albloshi, M. A. (2018) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12268 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Mourshed M, Hediger V, Lambert T. Gulf cooperation council health care: challenges and opportunities. Global Competitiveness Reports. New York, NY: McKinsey & Company; 2006: 55-64
- Crocker J, Major B, Steele C. The handbook of social psychology. In: Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, eds. Social Stigma. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill; 1998:504-553.
- Mak WW, Chen SX. Illness behaviours among the Chinese. Oxf Handb Chin Psychol. 2010;2:421-439.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Among Community-Dwelling Population in China
Chen, P., Liu, X. J., Wang, X. Q., Yang, B. X., Ruan, J., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00417 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Jahrami, H., Stambouli, M., Alhuwailah, A., Helmy, M. S., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Lemine, C. M. F. M., RADWAN, E. S., Saquib, J., Saquib, N., et al. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02403-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stigma on mental illness in the Arab world: beyond the socio-cultural barriers
Merhej, R. (2019) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-03-2019-0025 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Attitudes and stigma toward seeking psychological help among Saudi Adults
Alluhaibi, B. A., & Awadalla, A. W. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00923-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Vally, Z., & Ahmed, K. (2020) · Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2020.09.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationExperiences of Black Men: Forms of Masculinity and Effects on Psychological Help-Seeking Variables
Coleman-Kirumba, L. M., Cornish, M. A., Horton, A. J., & Alvarez, J. C. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984221098122 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Topkaya, N. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105782 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Li, X. Y., Liu, Q., Pan, C., Ruan, J., Gong, X., Luo, D., Zhou, Y., Yin, C., Wang, X. Q., Liu, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.801231 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mental Illness Stigma and Associated Factors among Arabic-Speaking Religious and Community Leaders
Krstanoska-Blazeska, K., Thomson, R. J., & Slewa‐Younan, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157991 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Doğan, R., Mercan, N., & Coşkun, S. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.13000 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Vally, Z., & Helmy, M. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47305-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationNurdiyanto, F. A., Wulandari, R. M., & Wodong, G. M. A. (2021) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.22146/jpsi.65541 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Stigma Towards Mental Illness at an Academic Tertiary Care Center in Lebanon
Hayek, S. E., Cherro, M., Alayli, A. E., Hayek, R. E., & Ghossoub, E. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01511-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Keum, B., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Men's Studies · doi:10.1177/10608265221108511 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Vally, Z. (2018) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12294 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Path We Face: Clinical Implications for Destigmatizing Therapy for Arab American Couples
Tadros, E., Ramadan, A., & Salman, M. (2022) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2022.2086955 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shrivastava, A., Azhar, H., & Hyland, L. (2022) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283221106689 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vally, Z., Shah, H., Varga, S.-I., Hassan, W., Kashakesh, M., Albreiki, W., & Helmy, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313243 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationDat, N. B., Tran, T. B., & Anh, N. T. M. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2023.2278741 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adam, S., Ahmad, K. B., Khan, Y., & Rowland, D. L. (2025) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes6020025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fu, P. C., Hsu, C. L., Huang, M. H., & Yang, C. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20230726-04 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.001.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Patka, M., Shahin, H., Almehairi, H., Hamedi, S. A., Thalith, M. B., & Smail, L. (2025) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-025-09609-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alotaibi, N. M., Khalaf, R. T., Marzouq, D. B., Almutairi, S. S., Hussain, A. E., Alfreesh, G. A., Albadi, A. M., Alhamad, H. H., & Abouelhassan, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1915972 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Slewa‐Younan, S., & Armstrong, G. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-4713-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Suratmini, D., Daulima, N. H. C., & Wardani, I. Y. (2024) · Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman · doi:10.20884/1.jks.2024.19.2.7680 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mindfulness Increases Help-Seeking by Buffering Against Self-Stigma
Boomgarden, S. (2021) · The Keep (Eastern Illinois University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.003.0005
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.002.0004
Survey Details and Methodology
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.005.0001
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.003.0001
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.002.0003
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.002.0007
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.003.0007
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.003.0006
Mazaheri, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197636725.003.0004
Samsudin, A. Z., & Latif, S. N. A. (2023) · Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences · doi:10.55057/ajress.2023.5.2.20
The dilemma of adolescents experiencing self-stigma to quit drugs
Daulima, N. H. C. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.14744/phd.2024.76258 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Khoury, C. F. E., Fortin, J., & Dumas, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0523-1_22
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, S., Yao, J., Zhang, X., & Xu, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-25301-z
Khatib, H. E., Alyafei, A., & Shaikh, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588142
Khatib, H. E., Alyafei, A., & Shaikh, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26588145
- Authors
- Vally, Z., Cody, B. L., Albloshi, M. A., & Alsheraifi, S. N. M.
- Affiliations
- United Arab Emirates University (AE)
- Corresponding author
- Vally, Zahir
- Venue
- Perspectives in Psychiatric Care
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-04-17
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 571-579
- ISSN
- 0031-5990 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2802773662
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Perspectives In Psychiatric Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Keywords
- public stigma, self-stigma, mediation, United Arab Emirates, psychology students, stigma reduction campaigns
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Students, United Arab Emirates, Universities, Young Adult, Social Stigma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review