Vascular adrenergic responsiveness is inversely related to tonic activity of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves in humans
Open accessAbstract
In humans, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at rest can vary several‐fold among normotensive individuals with similar blood pressures. We recently showed that a balance exists between SNA and cardiac output, which may contribute to the maintenance of normal blood pressures over the range of resting SNA levels. In the present studies, we assessed whether variability in vascular adrenergic responsiveness has a role in this balance. We tested the hypothesis that forearm vascular responses to noradrenaline (NA) and tyramine (TYR) are related to SNA such that individuals with lower resting SNA have greater adrenergic responsiveness, and vice‐versa. We measured multifibre muscle SNA (MSNA; microneurography), arterial pressure (brachial catheter) and forearm blood flow (plethysmography) in 19 healthy subjects at baseline and during intrabrachial infusions of NA and TYR. Resting MSNA ranged from 6 to 34 bursts min−1, and was inversely related to vasoconstrictor responsiveness to both NA (r= 0.61, P= 0.01) and TYR (r= 0.52, P= 0.02), such that subjects with lower resting MSNA were more responsive to NA and TYR. We conclude that interindividual variability in vascular adrenergic responsiveness contributes to the balance of factors that maintain normal blood pressure in individuals with differing levels of sympathetic neural activity. Further understanding of this balance may have important implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 19 healthy normotensive subjects, resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was inversely related to forearm vasoconstrictor responsiveness to noradrenaline (NA) and tyramine (TYR). This balance may help maintain similar blood pressures despite wide interindividual differences in sympathetic activity.
Key findings
- Resting MSNA ranged from 6 to 34 bursts min−1 (9–60 bursts (100 heart beats)−1). Lower resting MSNA was associated with greater vasoconstriction to NA at the middle dose (*r* = 0.61, *P* = 0.01) and to TYR at the middle dose (*r* = 0.52, *P* = 0.02).
- Relationships were similar at other doses: NA2 *r* = 0.46, *P* = 0.06; NA8 *r* = 0.51, *P* = 0.06; TYR3 *r* = 0.43, *P* = 0.07; TYR12 *r* = 0.47, *P* = 0.04. Absolute ΔFBF analyses were similar, e.g. NA4 *r* = 0.61, *P* = 0.009; TYR6 *r* = 0.49, *P* = 0.03.
- No relationships were found between resting MSNA and forearm blood flow responses to acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside at any dose. There was also no relationship of resting MSNA with systolic, diastolic or mean blood pressure, or with baseline forearm blood flow (*r* ≈ 0 for all).
- In subgroup analysis, for a given arteriovenous NA difference during TYR infusion, vasoconstrictor responses were significantly greater in the low-MSNA subgroup than in the high-MSNA subgroup (*P*ANOVA = 0.02).
Methods
- Twenty healthy young subjects (6 female, 14 male; age 26 ± 1 years, range 21–33) were studied; one was excluded because a good MSNA recording site was uncertain, leaving *n* = 19 for MSNA analyses. MSNA was measured by microneurography, arterial pressure by brachial catheter, and forearm blood flow by plethysmography at baseline and during intrabrachial infusions of NA, TYR, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside; propranolol was given before NA and TYR.
- Four forearm dose–response trials were performed. Vasoconstrictor responses were analyzed as absolute deltas and percentage change in forearm blood flow from baseline. Linear regression assessed relationships between resting MSNA and blood flow responses at individual doses; ANOVA compared low- and high-MSNA subgroups for TYR responses as a function of arteriovenous NA difference.
Limitations
- The paper states that it does not provide information on individual α-receptor subtypes or cellular mechanisms of the desensitization/buffering seen with higher resting MSNA. It also states that microneurography cannot reliably compare “total” nerve activity among subjects because burst size depends on electrode proximity, which may have contributed to scatter in the regressions. All MSNA data were recorded supine, while most daily time is spent sitting or standing.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (*n* = 19; complete venous samples during TYR in 15 subjects; subgroup analysis included 5 low-MSNA and 4 high-MSNA subjects). Drug order was not randomized (ACh, NA, NTP, TYR) to alternate vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Two NA data points were excluded because of very low forearm blood flow and motion artifact.
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Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 15 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Resting MSNA was inversely related to vasoconstrictor responsiveness to noradrenaline, such that subjects with lower resting MSNA were more responsive to noradrenaline.
“Linear regression analysis showed significant positive relationships between resting MSNA (bursts min−1) and percentage ΔFBF during NA and TYR infusions, such that individuals with lower resting MSNA showed greater vasoconstriction to adrenergic agonists than did those with higher resting MSNA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No relationships were found between resting MSNA and the FBF response at any dose of ACh or NTP.
“No relationships were found between resting MSNA and the FBF response at any dose of ACh or NTP.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For a given a-v difference in NA during TYR, vasoconstrictor responses were significantly greater in the low MSNA subgroup than in the high MSNA subgroup.
“for a given a–v difference the vasoconstrictor responses were significantly greater in the low MSNA subgroup (*P*anova= 0.02).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The a-v differences in NA increased significantly with each dose of TYR.
“The a–v differences in NA increased significantly with each dose of TYR, averaging 35 ± 7 pg ml−1 at baseline, 59 ± 10 pg ml−1 at TYR3, 250 ± 33 pg ml−1 at TYR6 and 658 ± 82 pg ml−1 at TYR12.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Systemic variables such as blood pressure, HR and MSNA did not change significantly during forearm infusions.
“Systemic variables such as blood pressure, HR and MSNA did not change significantly during forearm infusions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
When vasoconstrictor responses were analysed as absolute Δ values in FBF, relationships were similar to those seen with percentage Δ values.
“When vasoconstrictor responses were analysed in terms of absolute Δ values in FBF, relationships were similar to those seen with percentage Δ values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
An inverse relationship exists between mean levels of resting sympathetic nerve activity and vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists.
“In summary, we report that an inverse relationship exists between mean levels of resting sympathetic nerve activity and vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The vascular responsiveness measured in the forearm to adrenergic agonists is representative of adrenergic responsiveness in other vascular beds that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
- Findingnone given
Individuals with higher resting MSNA tended to have less responsiveness to both exogenous NA and to NA release stimulated by intrabrachial TYR.
“Individuals with higher resting MSNA tended to have less responsiveness to both exogenous NA and to NA release stimulated by intrabrachial TYR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Denervation results in super-sensitivity of vascular responses to adrenergic stimulation.
“it is clear that denervation results in super-sensitivity of vascular responses to adrenergic stimulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Yeoh et al. 2004a
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Yeoh et al. 2004b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Stjernberg et al. 1986
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In humans, resting sympathetic nerve activity varies several-fold among normotensive individuals with similar blood pressures.
“In humans, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) at rest can vary several-fold among normotensive individuals with similar blood pressures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Sundlöf & Wallin, 1977
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Fagius & Wallin, 1993
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Dinenno et al. (2002) reported blunted forearm vasoconstrictor responses to TYR and phenylephrine in healthy older men compared with younger men.
“Those investigators reported blunted forearm vasoconstrictor responses to TYR and phenylephrine (an α1-adrenergic agonist) in healthy older men compared with younger men.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dinenno et al. 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
A balance between cardiac output and MSNA contributes importantly to normal blood pressure regulation.
“In our recent study, we demonstrated an inverse relationship between cardiac output and MSNA among normotensive humans, suggesting that a balance between the two variables contributes importantly to normal blood pressure regulation ([Charkoudian *et al.* 2005](#b3)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Charkoudian et al. 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The vascular influences of large differences in chronic sympathetic tone, such as those seen with spinal cord injury, also occur to a less dramatic extent within the range of SNA seen in intact healthy individuals.
“Our present data suggest that the vascular influences of large differences in chronic sympathetic tone, such as those seen with spinal cord injury, also occur to a less dramatic extent within the range of SNA seen in intact healthy individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
MSNA was directly proportional to total peripheral vascular resistance among normotensive humans.
“Furthermore, we recently found that MSNA was directly proportional to total peripheral vascular resistance among normotensive humans, suggesting that MSNA is a good indicator of ‘net’ sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone to the periphery ([Charkoudian *et al.* 2005](#b3)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Charkoudian et al. 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
At least three major factors - cardiac output, SNA, and vascular adrenergic responsiveness - exist in an integrated balance which maintains blood pressure at normal levels.
“In combination with our previous study, this suggests that at least three major factors – cardiac output, SNA, and vascular adrenergic responsiveness – exist in an integrated balance which maintains blood pressure at normal levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The vascular responsiveness measured in the forearm to adrenergic agonists is representative of adrenergic responsiveness in other vascular beds that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
- Rests on an assumption: The inverse association between resting MSNA and vascular adrenergic responsiveness reflects a causal mechanism rather than a mere association.
- Interpretationreasoning
Disruption of one or more aspects of this balance may represent important contribution(s) to the pathophysiology of some forms of hypertension.
“Disruption of one or more aspects of this balance (for example, an individual with high resting MSNA whose adrenergic responsiveness is not appropriately ‘buffered’) may represent important contribution(s) to the pathophysiology of some forms of hypertension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The vascular responsiveness measured in the forearm to adrenergic agonists is representative of adrenergic responsiveness in other vascular beds that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
- Rests on an assumption: The inverse association between resting MSNA and vascular adrenergic responsiveness reflects a causal mechanism rather than a mere association.
- Interpretationown data
Interindividual variability in vascular responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation is one of the factors responsible for balancing the effects of variable resting sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in normotensive humans.
“Our present data suggest that interindividual variability in vascular responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation is one of the factors responsible for balancing the effects of variable resting sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in normotensive humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The vascular responsiveness measured in the forearm to adrenergic agonists is representative of adrenergic responsiveness in other vascular beds that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
- Rests on an assumption: The inverse association between resting MSNA and vascular adrenergic responsiveness reflects a causal mechanism rather than a mere association.
- Interpretationreasoning
Disruption of this balance may be a factor in the development of hypertension.
“its disruption may be a factor in the development of hypertension.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The vascular responsiveness measured in the forearm to adrenergic agonists is representative of adrenergic responsiveness in other vascular beds that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
- Rests on an assumption: The inverse association between resting MSNA and vascular adrenergic responsiveness reflects a causal mechanism rather than a mere association.
- Interpretationreasoning
The vasoconstrictor effects of sympathetic activity are blunted in subjects with high levels of activity.
“This relationship indicates that the vasoconstrictor effects of sympathetic activity are blunted in subjects with high levels of activity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Individuals with higher MSNA have 'buffered' vasoconstrictor responses to that activity, such that a given amount of sympathetically mediated NA release does not elicit as much vasoconstriction as a similar amount of NA release in a person with lower MSNA.
“Our current data suggest that individuals with higher MSNA have ‘buffered’ vasoconstrictor responses to that activity, such that a given amount of sympathetically mediated NA release does not elicit as much vasoconstriction as a similar amount of NA release in a person with lower MSNA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
An inverse relationship exists between cardiac output and MSNA among normotensive humans.
“In our recent study, we demonstrated an inverse relationship between cardiac output and MSNA among normotensive humans, suggesting that a balance between the two variables contributes importantly to normal blood pressure regulation ([Charkoudian *et al.* 2005](#b3)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Charkoudian et al. 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
MSNA is directly related to sympathetic activity in cardiac and renal vascular beds in resting humans.
“However, there is strong evidence that MSNA is directly related to sympathetic activity in cardiac and renal vascular beds in resting humans ([Wallin *et al.* 1992](#b18), [1996](#b20)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Wallin et al. 1992
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [1996]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
MSNA is a good indicator of 'net' sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone to the periphery.
“Furthermore, we recently found that MSNA was directly proportional to total peripheral vascular resistance among normotensive humans, suggesting that MSNA is a good indicator of ‘net’ sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone to the periphery ([Charkoudian *et al.* 2005](#b3)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Charkoudian et al. 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
24 h mean values for MSNA are likely to be higher than values reported in the supine posture, for the purposes of blood pressure maintenance in upright postures.
“Thus 24 h mean values for MSNA are likely to be higher than values reported in the supine posture, for the purposes of blood pressure maintenance in upright postures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Interindividual variability in vascular adrenergic responsiveness contributes to the balance of factors that maintain normal blood pressure in individuals with differing levels of sympathetic neural activity.
“We conclude that interindividual variability in vascular adrenergic responsiveness contributes to the balance of factors that maintain normal blood pressure in individuals with differing levels of sympathetic neural activity.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“This relationship indicates that the vasoconstrictor effects of sympathetic activity are blunted in subjects with high levels of activity, thereby contributing to maintaining blood pressure at similar levels among healthy individuals with large differences in resting SNA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
- Interpretationreasoning
This balance between tonic levels of resting sympathetic activity and adrenergic responsiveness appears to contribute importantly to normal blood pressure regulation.
“This balance between tonic levels of resting sympathetic activity and adrenergic responsiveness appears to contribute importantly to normal blood pressure regulation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The vascular responsiveness measured in the forearm to adrenergic agonists is representative of adrenergic responsiveness in other vascular beds that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
- Rests on an assumption: The inverse association between resting MSNA and vascular adrenergic responsiveness reflects a causal mechanism rather than a mere association.
- Interpretationreasoning
One of the mechanisms by which α-adrenergic vasoconstriction is blunted in older men is a desensitization due to chronically higher resting sympathetic activity in this group.
“our present data suggest that one of the mechanisms by which α-adrenergic vasoconstriction is blunted in older men is a desensitization due to chronically higher resting sympathetic activity in this group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 8
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataResting MSNA was inversely related to vasoconstrictor responsiveness to tyramine, such that subjects with lower resting MSNA were more responsive to tyramine.
“Linear regression analysis showed significant positive relationships between resting MSNA (bursts min−1) and percentage ΔFBF during NA and TYR infusions, such that individuals with lower resting MSNA showed greater vasoconstriction to adrenergic agonists than did those with higher resting MSNA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataResting MSNA ranged from 6 to 34 bursts min−1 (9-60 bursts (100 heart beats)−1) in the 19 healthy subjects.
“Resting MSNA ranged from 6 to 34 bursts min−1”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Resting MSNA ranged from 6 to 34 bursts min−1 (9–60 bursts (100 heart beats)−1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Results · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAverage resting HR was 60 ± 2 beats min−1, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 127 ± 2 and 70 ± 1 mmHg, respectively.
“Average resting HR was 60 ± 2 beats min−1, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 127 ± 2 and 70 ± 1 mmHg, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataAverage increases in FBF during ACh and NTP infusions were dose-dependent.
“Average increases in FBF during ACh (doses in μg (100 ml)−1 min−1) were as follows: ACh2, 11.7 ± 1.8 ml (100 ml) min−1; ACh4, 12.2 ± 1.8 ml (100 ml)−1 min−1; ACh8, 14.9 ± 2.1 ml (100 ml)−1 min−1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA balance exists between sympathetic nerve activity and cardiac output at rest among healthy normotensive individuals, such that individuals with higher MSNA have lower cardiac output and vice versa.
“We recently showed that a balance exists between SNA and cardiac output, which may contribute to the maintenance of normal blood pressures over the range of resting SNA levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Charkoudian et al. 2005
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premiseown dataThe inverse relationship between MSNA and cardiac output contributes to normal blood pressure regulation and helps explain why individuals with higher MSNA do not necessarily have higher blood pressures.
“We concluded that this inverse relationship contributes to normal blood pressure regulation and helps to explain why individuals with higher MSNA do not necessarily have higher blood pressures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Charkoudian et al. 2005
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBurke et al. (1977) reported successive increases in MSNA burst frequency going from supine to sitting and standing postures, respectively, with no obvious change in the range of interindividual differences in burst frequency.
“[Burke *et al.* (1977)](#b1) reported successive increases in MSNA burst frequency going from supine to sitting and standing postures, respectively (with no obvious change in the range of interindividual differences in burst frequency).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Burke et al. (1977)
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenOur present results do not provide information regarding the roles of individual subtypes of α receptors, which may contribute differently to the balance we report.
“Our present results do not provide information regarding the roles of individual subtypes of α receptors, which may contribute differently to the balance we report.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataVasoconstrictor responses were analysed both as absolute deltas and as percentage change in FBF from baseline, and results were similar with both approaches.
“Vasoconstrictor responses were analysed both as absolute deltas and as percentage change in FBF from baseline. Although results were similar with both approaches (see below), we focused on expression of vasoconstrictor responses as percentage of baseline to minimize differences among individuals due to small differences in baseline FBF.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenTwenty healthy young subjects (6 female, 14 male) volunteered to participate and gave written informed consent.
“Twenty healthy young subjects (6 female, 14 male; age, 26 ± 1 years (s.e.m.) (range 21–33); height, 1.75 ± 0.02 m; weight, 74.6 ± 2.9 kg; BMI, 24.4 ± 0.5 kg m−2 (range 19.8–28.1)) volunteered to participate and gave written informed consent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenWe are not able to comment on the cellular mechanisms of the desensitization or 'buffering' of adrenergic responsiveness that appears to occur in individuals with higher resting MSNA.
“Nor are we able to comment on the cellular mechanisms of the desensitization or ‘buffering’ of adrenergic responsiveness that appears to occur in individuals with higher resting MSNA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThis limitation may have been one of the contributions to the scatter in the regression analyses we performed.
“This limitation may have been one of the contributions to the scatter in the regression analyses we performed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAll MSNA data were recorded in the supine posture.
“With regard to blood pressure regulation, it is relevant to the present discussion that all MSNA data were recorded in the supine posture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn one subject, it was not clear whether a good recording site was obtained for MSNA, so her data were not included in MSNA analyses.
“In one individual, it was not clear whether a good site for MSNA recording was found: the subject exhibited MSNA bursts during voluntary apnoea, but displayed no spontaneous bursts during the entire experiment. Since we were not sure whether this represented extremely low resting MSNA (0 bursts min−1) or that we had not found a good recording site, her data were not included in MSNA analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningThe order of the drugs was not randomized.
“for this reason the order of the drugs was not randomized.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe protocol for this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Mayo Foundation, and the study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
“The protocol for this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Mayo Foundation, and the study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningWe were limited in our ability to compare 'total' nerve activity among subjects (taking into account burst size as well as burst frequency), since burst size is dependent on the proximity of the electrode to the nerve, which varies in an unknown way among individuals.
“As with all studies involving microneurographic recording of SNA, we were limited in our ability to compare ‘total’ nerve activity among subjects (taking into account burst size as well as burst frequency), since burst size is dependent on the proximity of the electrode to the nerve, which varies in an unknown way among individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The vascular responsiveness measured in the forearm to adrenergic agonists is representative of adrenergic responsiveness in other vascular beds that contribute to blood pressure regulation.
“In summary, we report that an inverse relationship exists between mean levels of resting sympathetic nerve activity and vascular responsiveness to adrenergic agonists.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The inverse association between resting MSNA and vascular adrenergic responsiveness reflects a causal mechanism rather than a mere association.
“This balance between tonic levels of resting sympathetic activity and adrenergic responsiveness appears to contribute importantly to normal blood pressure regulation”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sympathetic bursts in the integrated neurogram were identified by a custom-manufactured analysis program, and burst identification was corrected by visual inspection by a single investigator.
“Sympathetic bursts in the integrated neurogram were identified by a custom-manufactured analysis program (8, 9); burst identification was then corrected by visual inspection by a single investigator.”
From Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1, yohimbine, and nitrergic modulation on sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in humans (2008) · cites this paper as [9]
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THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TYRAMINE ON THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE FOREARM IN MAN
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Hart, E. C., Charkoudian, N., Wallin, B. G., Curry, T. B., Eisenach, J. H., & Joyner, M. J. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.126391 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citationSympathetic Neural Mechanisms in Human Cardiovascular Health and Disease
Charkoudian, N., & Rabbitts, J. A. (2009) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/84.9.822 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences and blood pressure regulation in humans
Joyner, M. J., Wallin, B. G., & Charkoudian, N. (2015) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep085146 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationSympathetic Nervous System and Blood Pressure in Humans
Joyner, M. J., Charkoudian, N., & Wallin, B. G. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.140186 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationWallin, B. G., & Charkoudian, N. (2007) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20831 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationHart, E. C., Joyner, M. J., Wallin, B. G., & Charkoudian, N. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224642 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationMortensen, S. P., Damsgaard, R., Dawson, E. A., Secher, N. H., & González‐Alonso, J. (2008) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.149401 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
A sympathetic view of the sympathetic nervous system and human blood pressure regulation
Joyner, M. J., Charkoudian, N., & Wallin, B. G. (2008) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039545 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomic control of body temperature and blood pressure: influences of female sex hormones
Charkoudian, N., Hart, E. C., Barnes, J. N., & Joyner, M. J. (2017) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-017-0420-z · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationFairfax, S. T., Padilla, J., Vianna, L. C., Davis, M. J., & Fadel, P. J. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00842.2012 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Sympathetic Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure: Influences of Sex and Aging
Hart, E. C., & Charkoudian, N. (2014) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00031.2013 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationIntracranial Pressure Is a Determinant of Sympathetic Activity
Schmidt, E. A., Despas, F., Traon, A. P., Czosnyka, Z. H., Pickard, J. D., Rahmouni, K., Pathak, A., & Sénard, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00011 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Limberg, J. K., Casey, D. P., Trinity, J. D., Nicholson, W. T., Wray, D. W., Tschakovsky, M. E., GREEN, D. J., Hellsten, Y., Fadel, P. J., Joyner, M. J., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00649.2019 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of sympathetic regulation in orthostatic intolerance
Stewart, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00266.2012 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Age-Related Differences in the Sympathetic-Hemodynamic Balance in Men
Hart, E. C., Joyner, M. J., Wallin, B. G., Johnson, C. P., Curry, T. B., Eisenach, J. H., & Charkoudian, N. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.131417 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationCharkoudian, N., & Wallin, B. G. (2014) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c130038 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationLohmeier, T. E., Iliescu, R., Dwyer, T. M., Irwin, E. D., Cates, A. W., & Rossing, M. A. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00372.2010 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Bharucha, A. E., Charkoudian, N., Andrews, C. N., Camilleri, M., Sletten, D., Zinsmeister, A. R., & Low, P. A. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00153.2008 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic Lowering of Blood Pressure by Carotid Baroreflex Activation
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Wenner, M. M., & Stachenfeld, N. S. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.236752 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Modest weight gain is associated with sympathetic neural activation in nonobese humans
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Sympathetic regulation of blood pressure in normotension and hypertension: when sex matters
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Self-citationFarr, J. N., Charkoudian, N., Barnes, J. N., Monroe, D. G., McCready, L. K., Atkinson, E. J., Amin, S., Melton, L. J., Joyner, M. J., & Khosla, S. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2381 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationClonidine and Dexmedetomidine Increase the Pressor Response to Norepinephrine in Experimental Sepsis
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Sharabi, Y., Imrich, R., Holmes, C. S., Pechnik, S., & Goldstein, D. S. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.22226 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Skin blood flow and nitric oxide during body heating in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Self-citationBelin de Chantemèle, E. J., Muta, K., Mintz, J., Tremblay, M. L., Marrero, M. B., Fulton, D. J., & Stepp, D. W. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.853077 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
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Charkoudian, N., Joyner, M. J., Barnes, S. A., Johnson, C. P., Eisenach, J. H., Dietz, N. M., & Wallin, B. G. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00234.2006 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAgapitov, A. V., Correia, M., Sinkey, C. A., & Haynes, W. G. (2008) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.109603 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Inhibition of α-adrenergic tone disturbs the distribution of blood flow in the exercising human limb
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Roy, T. K., & Secomb, T. W. (2020) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.12673 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sex-specific risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline: pregnancy and menopause
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Self-citationRobinson, A. T., Babcock, M. C., Watso, J. C., Brian, M. S., Migdal, K. U., Wenner, M. M., & Farquhar, W. B. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00305.2018 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Querido, J. S., Wehrwein, E. A., Hart, E. C., Charkoudian, N., Henderson, W. R., & Sheel, A. W. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00182.2011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBlunted sympathetic neurovascular transduction during normotensive pregnancy
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Functional effects of cardiac sympathetic denervation in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
Imrich, R., Eldadah, B. A., Bentho, O., Pechnik, S., Sharabi, Y., Holmes, C. S., Grossman, E., & Goldstein, D. S. (2008) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.04.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sex differences in α-adrenergic support of blood pressure
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Self-citationAltered neurovascular control of the resting circulation in human metabolic syndrome
Limberg, J. K., Morgan, B. J., Sebranek, J. J., Proctor, L. T., Walker, B. J., Eldridge, M. W., & Schrage, W. G. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.239780 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
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The impact of ageing and sex on sympathetic neurocirculatory regulation
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Self-citationNormotension, hypertension and body fluid regulation: brain and kidney
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Sex differences in vascular transduction of sympathetic nerve activity
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Self-citationMuscle sympathetic activity in resting and exercising humans with and without heart failure
Notarius, C. F., Millar, P. J., & Floras, J. S. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0289 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effects of moxonidine on sympathetic nerve activity in patients with end-stage renal disease
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Relationship between breathing and cardiovascular function at rest: sex‐related differences
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Self-citationPeripheral Blood Flow Regulation in Human Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Limberg, J. K., Morgan, B. J., & Schrage, W. G. (2016) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000083 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Sympathetic nerve activity and peripheral vasodilator capacity in young and older men
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Regulation of sympathetic nerve traffic to skeletal muscle in resting humans
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Neural control of blood flow during exercise in human metabolic syndrome
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Functional sympatholysis and sympathetic escape in a theoretical model for blood flow regulation
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Muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest compared to exercise tolerance
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Integrative mechanisms of blood pressure regulation in humans and rats: cross-species similarities
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Reliability of pulse waveform separation analysis responses to an orthostatic challenge
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Adrenergic control of skeletal muscle blood flow during chronic hypoxia in healthy males
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Self-citationRelationship of muscle sympathetic nerve activity to insulin sensitivity
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Autonomic control of blood pressure in women: The roles of hypertension and aging
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Sympathetic determinants of resting blood pressure in males and females
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Sympathetic transduction: let’s not forget about the physiology
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The sympathetic nervous system in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies
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Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Arteriolar Tone: Integration of Multiple Mechanisms
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It takes two to tango: the coherence of cardiac output and sympathetic nerve activity
Krediet, C. T. P., & Ceridon, M. L. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.129288 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Charkoudian, N., Joyner, M. J., Sokolnicki, L. A., Johnson, C. P., Eisenach, J. H., Dietz, N. M., Curry, T. B., & Wallin, B. G.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Charkoudian, N.
- Venue
- The Journal of Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-04-21
- Volume
- 572
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 821-827
- ISSN
- 0022-3751 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7793
- PMC
- PMC1780018
- OpenAlex
- W1575064221
- Semantic Scholar
- 2d0887da8e9ca509c3ad93809d99bdca6c39295c
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- National Institutes of Health (n01ns032352-003)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS3 2352, N01 NS032352)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00585, M01RR000585)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- sympathetic activity, norepinephrine, tyramine, vasoconstriction, forearm blood flow, blood pressure regulation, interindividual variability, hypertension pathophysiology, cardiac output
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Adult, Arteries, Blood Flow Velocity, Blood Pressure, Female, Forearm, Humans, Male, Norepinephrine, Statistics as Topic, Sympathetic Nervous System, Vasoconstriction, Neurotransmitter Agents
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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