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Cited by 132Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy TechniquesPhotodynamic Therapy Research StudiesSpectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research

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Measurement of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients in Asian human epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat tissues in the 400- to 1100-nm wavelength range for optical penetration depth and energy deposition analysis

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Shimojo, Yu, Nishimura, Takahiro, Hazama, Hisanao, Ozawa, Toshiyuki, Awazu, Kunio·2020·Journal of Biomedical Optics
DOI 10.1117/1.jbo.25.4.045002PMC PMC7191311
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Abstract

Significance: In laser therapy and diagnosis of skin diseases, the irradiated light distribution, which is determined by the absorption coefficient μa and reduced scattering coefficient μs′ of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat, affects the treatment outcome and diagnosis accuracy. Although values for μa and μs′ have been reported, detailed analysis for Asian skin tissues is still lacking. Aim: We present μa and μs′ measurements of Asian skin tissues in the 400- to 1100-nm wavelength range for evaluating optical penetration depth and energy deposition. Approach: The measurements with Asian human skin samples are performed employing a double integrating sphere spectrometric system and an inverse Monte Carlo technique. Using the measured parameters, the optical penetration depth and energy deposition are quantitatively analyzed. Results: The μa of the epidermis layer varies among different ethnic groups, while the μa of the other layers and the μs′ of all of the layers exhibit almost no differences. The analysis reveals that the optical penetration depth and the energy deposition affect the photodynamic therapy treatment depth and the heat production in skin tissue, respectively. Conclusions: The experimentally measured values of μa and μs′ for Asian skin tissues are presented, and the light behavior in Asian skin tissues is analyzed using a layered tissue model.

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Crossref · 10.1117/1.jbo.25.4.045002

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Figures

Fig. 1 3-D structure of numerical human skin tissue model consisting of epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and three kinds of blood vessels (capillary plexus, upper dermis blood vessels, and deep dermis blood vessels).
Fig. 1 3-D structure of numerical human skin tissue model consisting of epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and three kinds of blood vessels (capillary plexus, upper dermis blood vessels, and deep dermis blood vessels).CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Diffuse reflectance Rd and total transmittance Tt spectra of Asian (a) epidermis, (b) dermis, and (c) subcutaneous fat averaged over the 15, 20, and 15 samples, respectively. The (i) upper and (ii) lower figures show Rd and Tt, respectively. The shaded area represents the standard deviation.
Fig. 2 Diffuse reflectance Rd and total transmittance Tt spectra of Asian (a) epidermis, (b) dermis, and (c) subcutaneous fat averaged over the 15, 20, and 15 samples, respectively. The (i) upper and (ii) lower figures show Rd and Tt, respectively. The shaded area represents the standard deviation.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Wavelength dependences of (a) absorption coefficient μa and (b) reduced scattering coefficient μs^(′) of Asian (i) epidermis, (ii) dermis, and (iii) subcutaneous fat averaged over the 15, 20, and 15 samples, respectively. The shaded area represents the standard deviation.
Fig. 3 Wavelength dependences of (a) absorption coefficient μa and (b) reduced scattering coefficient μs^(′) of Asian (i) epidermis, (ii) dermis, and (iii) subcutaneous fat averaged over the 15, 20, and 15 samples, respectively. The shaded area represents the standard deviation.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 (a), (b) Wavelength dependences of μa and μs^(′) of epidermis + dermis before and after sample preparation. The solid and broken lines show the values before and after sample preparation, respectively. (c), (d) Spectral dependences of the relative differences between the μa and μs^(′) of epidermis + dermis before and after the sample preparation. The solid line and dotted lines represent the relative differences of the μa and μs^(′), with ±1 SD, respectively.
Fig. 4 (a), (b) Wavelength dependences of μa and μs^(′) of epidermis + dermis before and after sample preparation. The solid and broken lines show the values before and after sample preparation, respectively. (c), (d) Spectral dependences of the relative differences between the μa and μs^(′) of epidermis + dermis before and after the sample preparation. The solid line and dotted lines represent the relative differences of the μa and μs^(′), with ±1 SD, respectively.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 (a) Optical penetration depths δ at spot diameter of 3 mm and wavelengths currently available for clinical use in dermatology and plastic surgery. (b)–(d) Comparisons of δ at spot diameters of 2, 3, and 4 mm among the three ethnic groups. The broken lines at 0.15 and 1.65 mm show the boundaries between the epidermis and the dermis and between the dermis and the subcutaneous fat, respectively.
Fig. 5 (a) Optical penetration depths δ at spot diameter of 3 mm and wavelengths currently available for clinical use in dermatology and plastic surgery. (b)–(d) Comparisons of δ at spot diameters of 2, 3, and 4 mm among the three ethnic groups. The broken lines at 0.15 and 1.65 mm show the boundaries between the epidermis and the dermis and between the dermis and the subcutaneous fat, respectively.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Ethnic differences in energy deposition S profiles on the depth z axis (x=y=0mm) at the wavelengths of (a) 500, (b) 700, and (c) 900 nm. The broken lines at 0.15 and 1.65 mm show the boundaries between the epidermis and the dermis and between the dermis and the subcutaneous fat, respectively.
Fig. 6 Ethnic differences in energy deposition S profiles on the depth z axis (x=y=0mm) at the wavelengths of (a) 500, (b) 700, and (c) 900 nm. The broken lines at 0.15 and 1.65 mm show the boundaries between the epidermis and the dermis and between the dermis and the subcutaneous fat, respectively.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 Absorption coefficient μa of Asian (a) epidermis, (b) dermis, and (c) subcutaneous fat are compared with the reported values in Caucasian and African skin in (i) the entire wavelength range and (ii) the magnified wavelength range. The crosses correspond to Caucasian epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat.10 The open diamonds correspond to African epidermis.14 The open and closed triangles correspond to African dermis and Caucasian subcutaneous fat, respectively.11 The error bars represent the standard deviation of the reported values.
Fig. 7 Absorption coefficient μa of Asian (a) epidermis, (b) dermis, and (c) subcutaneous fat are compared with the reported values in Caucasian and African skin in (i) the entire wavelength range and (ii) the magnified wavelength range. The crosses correspond to Caucasian epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat.10 The open diamonds correspond to African epidermis.14 The open and closed triangles correspond to African dermis and Caucasian subcutaneous fat, respectively.11 The error bars represent the standard deviation of the reported values.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 Reduced scattering coefficient μs^(′) of Asian (a) epidermis, (b) dermis, and (c) subcutaneous fat are compared with the reported values of Caucasian and African skin tissues. The crosses correspond to Caucasian epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat.10 The open and closed triangles correspond to African dermis and Caucasian subcutaneous fat, respectively.11 The error bars represent the standard deviation of the reported values.
Fig. 8 Reduced scattering coefficient μs^(′) of Asian (a) epidermis, (b) dermis, and (c) subcutaneous fat are compared with the reported values of Caucasian and African skin tissues. The crosses correspond to Caucasian epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat.10 The open and closed triangles correspond to African dermis and Caucasian subcutaneous fat, respectively.11 The error bars represent the standard deviation of the reported values.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 9 Wavelength dependences of (a) μa and (b) μs^(′) of epidermis + dermis for g=0.80 (red), 0.90 (blue), and 0.95 (green). The shaded area represents the standard deviation for g=0.90.
Fig. 9 Wavelength dependences of (a) μa and (b) μs^(′) of epidermis + dermis for g=0.80 (red), 0.90 (blue), and 0.95 (green). The shaded area represents the standard deviation for g=0.90.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Shimojo, Y., Nishimura, T., Hazama, H., Ozawa, T., & Awazu, K.
Affiliations
  • The University of Osaka (JP)
  • Osaka City University (JP)
Corresponding author
  • Shimojo, Yu
  • Nishimura, Takahiro
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Biomedical Optics
Publisher
SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
Published
2020-04-30
Volume
25
Issue
04
Pages
1-14
ISSN
  • 1083-3668 (ISSN-L)
  • 1560-2281
DOI
10.1117/1.jbo.25.4.045002
PMC
PMC7191311
OpenAlex
W3023157917
Cited by
132
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4
FWCI
6.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Biomedical Optics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • JSPS KAKENHI (19K22966, 19K12822)
  • Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K22966, 19K12822)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
Keywords
absorption coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, Asian skin, human epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous adipose tissue, optical penetration depth, energy deposition, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, skin diseases, inverse Monte Carlo, layered tissue model, wavelength dependence
MeSH terms
Epidermis, Humans, Monte Carlo Method, Scattering, Radiation, Dermis, Subcutaneous Fat

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