Effect of wavelength and beam width on penetration in light-tissue interaction using computational methods
Open accessAbstract
Penetration depth of ultraviolet, visible light and infrared radiation in biological tissue has not previously been adequately measured. Risk assessment of typical intense pulsed light and laser intensities, spectral characteristics and the subsequent chemical, physiological and psychological effects of such outputs on vital organs as consequence of inappropriate output use are examined. This technical note focuses on wavelength, illumination geometry and skin tone and their effect on the energy density (fluence) distribution within tissue. Monte Carlo modelling is one of the most widely used stochastic methods for the modelling of light transport in turbid biological media such as human skin. Using custom Monte Carlo simulation software of a multi-layered skin model, fluence distributions are produced for various non-ionising radiation combinations. Fluence distributions were analysed using Matlab mathematical software. Penetration depth increases with increasing wavelength with a maximum penetration depth of 5378 μm calculated. The calculations show that a 10-mm beam width produces a fluence level at target depths of 1-3 mm equal to 73-88% (depending on depth) of the fluence level at the same depths produced by an infinitely wide beam of equal incident fluence. Meaning little additional penetration is achieved with larger spot sizes. Fluence distribution within tissue and thus the treatment efficacy depends upon the illumination geometry and wavelength. To optimise therapeutic techniques, light-tissue interactions must be thoroughly understood and can be greatly supported by the use of mathematical modelling techniques.
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Ash et al. showed that at wavelengths of 450 and 650 nm 1% of light has the potential to reach 1.6 and 4.75 mm, respectively.
“Similarly, using Monte Carlo (MC) modeling, Ash et al.57 showed that at wavelengths of 450 and 650 nm 1% of light has the potential to reach 1.6 and 4.75 mm, respectively.”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
Literature mentions an "optical window" for wavelengths of 600 to 1300 nm.
“In the literature is also mentioned an “optical window” for wavelengths of 600 to 1300 nm [57,58,59].”
From The Current State of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Ash, C., Dubec, M., Donne, K., & Bashford, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Wales Trinity Saint David (GB)
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ash, Caerwyn
- Venue
- Lasers in Medical Science
- Published
- 2017-09-12
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1909-1918
- ISSN
- 0268-8921 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-604X
- PMC
- PMC5653719
- OpenAlex
- W2755519984
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 162 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 41.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Lasers in Medical Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Wales Trinity St. David
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine
- Keywords
- light penetration depth, wavelength dependence, beamwidth, fluence distribution, light-tissue interaction, Monte Carlo simulation, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, intense pulsed light, laser safety, skin tone, illumination geometry, non-ionizing radiation
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Humans, Lasers, Light, Melanins, Monte Carlo Method, Oxyhemoglobins, Scattering, Radiation, Skin, Skin Absorption, Software, Water, Photons
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