Cited by 800Flow Experience in Various FieldsSport Psychology and PerformanceRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management

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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2

Jackson, Susan A., Eklund, Robert C.·2002·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation sample demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification sample yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation sample, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).

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Items 201–300 of 798

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Papel da Inteligência Emocional, Felicidade e Flow no Desempenho Académico e Bem-Estar Subjetivo em Contexto Universitário
Moutinho, H., Monteiro, A., Costa, A., & Faria, L. (2019) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep52.3.08 · Cited by 34
“Segundo vários autores (Carvalho et al., 2010; Petrides & Furnham, 2006), o TEIQue-SF apresenta boas qualidades psicométricas, providenciando resultados fiáveis, e cuja estrutura de 4 dimensões é suportada por estudos de análise fatorial.”
BackgroundInfluential
The influence of mindfulness training on running economy and perceived flow under different attentional focus conditions – an intervention study
Hill, A., Schücker, L., Wiese, M., Hagemann, N., & Strauß, B. (2021) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2020.1739110 · Cited by 25
“Secondly, the Flow-State-Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) was used to assess if and how flow was experienced during a recently performed physical activity.”
Method
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“In different research projects, “time” shows weak correlations with the rest of the dimensions (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Fournier et al., 2007; Kawabata et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2012; Wrigley and Emmerson, 2013; MoralBofill et al., 2020b).”
Background
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“Se usó la versión española (García Calvo, Jiménez, SantosRosa, Reina & Cervelló, 2008) de la Escala de Flow Disposicional 2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Background
Flow Experiences in Physical Education Classes: The Role of Perceived Motivational Climate and Situational Motivation
Ada, E. N. (2018) · Asian Journal of Education and Training · doi:10.20448/journal.522.2018.42.114.120 · Cited by 28
“The DFS-2 has nine subscales (i.e., challenge-skills balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, concentration on the task at hand, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness, the transformation of time, and autotelic experience) (Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
Background
Flow state in self-paced and externally-paced performance contexts: An examination of the flow model
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“It is possible, however, to assess the frequency of flow experiences and its indicators, obtaining a general disposition of an athlete to experience such a mental state when performing (Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
Background
Flow in contemporary musicians: Individual differences in flow proneness, anxiety, and emotional intelligence
Rakei, A., Tan, J. S., & Bhattacharya, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265936 · Cited by 31
“Dispositional flow, or flow proneness, was measured using Jackson and Eklund’s [76] Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2), which includes 36 questions relating to the nine dimensions of flow.”
MethodInfluential
Use of the CY-PSPP in other cultures: a preliminary investigation of its factorial validity for Turkish children and youth
Aşçı, F. H., Eklund, R. C., Whitehead, J. R., et al. (2003) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.10.003 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
The Flow Observational Grid: an Observation-Based Solution to Assess Flow States
Tordet, C., Erhel, S., Wodey, É., Jamet, É., Nardi, N., & Gonthier, C. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-021-00356-7 · Cited by 27
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“We used behavior data logs as predictive variables and flow experience (identified through the flow FSS proposed by Jackson and Eklund (2002) and validated by Hamari and Koivisto (2014) for the gamification domain) as a response variable.”
Method
Autotelic Personality
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“The 8-item modified Short Flow State Scale (FSS; Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) was used to assess experiences of flow during ASMR as in previous research (Barratt & Davis, 2015; Roberts et al., 2019).”
The flow metacognitions questionnaire (FMQ): A two factor model of flow metacognitions
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“Flow can be validly measured as a state, a disposition, and a domain specific disposition (e.g., Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Background
The Effects from Mindfulness Training on Norwegian Junior elite Athletes in Sport
Moen, F., Fürrer, P. J., & Abrahamsen, F. E. (2015) · IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) · doi:10.24985/ijass.2015.27.2.98 · Cited by 27
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“05) 23 for the global factor model of dispositional flow based on nine first-order factors.(32) 24”
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“According to Jackson and Eklund (2002), the flow state promotes activities more where a person’s concentration and skills are crucial for the outcome [11].”
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“This supports the recommendation, in line with the original multidimensional perspective on flow, that whenever possible the flow experience should be analyzed at the level of its nine dimensions rather than as a global score (Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundResult
The Interplay Between Chamber Musicians During Two Public Performances of the Same Piece: A Novel Methodology Using the Concept of “Flow”
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“The short version of the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) was used to measure state flow following each condition as it is intended for use after an event to assess state flow experience (Jackson, 2002).”
Method
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“The Flow State Scale-2 [62, 63] assesses the experience of flow during a game session.”
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“The scale measures the subjective optimal experience of flow (Martin and Jackson, 2008), rather than the nine dimensions that lead to flow (Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
Background
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AKIŞ DENEYİMİ ÜZERİNE GENEL BİR LİTERATÜR TARAMASI
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“…2011) and flow experience (i.e., an optimal psychological state associated to outstanding group performance; Diana, Villani, Muzio, & Riva, 2012; Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson & Marsh, 1996) they enter a Mutual zone of proximal development (MZPD) (Goos, Galbraith, & Renshaw, 2002;…”
Background
Materialism and the Experience of Flow
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Gamification in Education
Urh, M., & Jereb, E. (2017) · doi:10.18690/978-961-286-102-5.3 · Cited by 20
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“The short scale is derived from the 36-item Flow State Scale (FSS) (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) representing one item from each dimension of flow.”
Method
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“The results show how time, despite its weak relationship with the rest of the dimensions (results which are in keeping with previous research [8, 4, 9, 10, 14]), is explained by a general flow factor (Model 3).”
MethodResultInfluential
Validad y fiabilidad de la versión portuguesa de la Escala de Flow Disposicional-2 en ejercicio = Validity and reliability of the portuguese version of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 in exercise
Gouveia, M. J., Ribeiro, J. L. P., Marques, M. M., & Carvalho, C. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 20
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“Of these dimensions, the balance between skill and challenge is essential for entering and sustaining flow (Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Effects of Hypnosis On An Elite Senior European Tour Golfer:A Single-Subject Design
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“The DFS-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) assesses the frequency of flow and consists of 36 items representing nine subscales, each comprising four items assessing one of the nine dimensions of flow.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Roles of Perceived Motivational Climates Created by Coach, Peer, and Parent on Dispositional Flow in Young Athletes
Çağlar, E., Aşçı, F. H., & Uygurtaş, M. (2017) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512516689404 · Cited by 19
“The Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002, 2004) was used in this study to measure athletes’ disposition to experience a flow in sport.”
Method
The measurement of flow and social flow at work: a 30-year systematic review of the literature
de Moura, P. J., & Bellini, C. G. P. (2019) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-07-2018-0240 · Cited by 19
The Construct Validity of the Work-Related Flow Inventory in a Sample of Australian Workers
Happell, B., Gaskin, C. J., & Platania‐Phung, C. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.838539 · Cited by 24
“A nine-component model of flow, for example, underpinned the development of state (e.g., Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Jackson, Martin, & Eklund, 2008) and trait (e.g., Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2008) measures of flow.”
BackgroundMethod
Identifying Flow in Video Games
Borderie, J., & Michinov, N. (2016) · International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations · doi:10.4018/ijgcms.2016070102 · Cited by 21
Influence of competition-outcome feedback in video games on players’ flow experience
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“Flow experience was measured using the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Method
Physiological synchrony and shared flow state in Javanese gamelan: positively associated while improvising, but not for traditional performance
Gibbs, H. J., Czepiel, A. M., & Egermann, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1214505 · Cited by 20
“In measuring flow quantitatively, the Flow State Scale or Flow State Scale-2 (Jackson and Marsh, 1996; Jackson and Eklund, 2002), for instance, have been used to assess the presumed level of shared flow by equivocating the individual’s experience to that of the group (Keeler et al., 2015; Gaggioli et al., 2017).”
Method
Étude des déterminants psychologiques de la persistance dans l’usage d’un jeu sérieux : évaluation de l'environnement optimal d'apprentissage avec Mecagenius®
Heutte, J., Galaup, M., Lelardeux, C. P., et al. (2014) · Sciences et Technologies de l Information et de la Communication pour l Éducation et la Formation · doi:10.3406/stice.2014.1110 · Cited by 18
“Le faible nombre de répondants réduit la portée de certains résultats de cette étude, cela peut expliquer le fait de ne pas retrouver les 9 dimensions postulées par Jackson et Eklund (Jackson et Eklund, 2002) dans l’échelle FSS2.”
BackgroundInfluential
Relación entre los motivos para la práctica físico-deportiva y las experiencias de flujo en jóvenes: diferencias en función del sexo
Jiménez-Torres, M. G., Godoy‐Izquierdo, D., & García, J. F. G. (2011) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-3.rmpf · Cited by 19
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Magyaródi, T., Nagy, H., Soltész, P., Mózes, T., & Oláh, A. (2013) · Pszichológia · doi:10.1556/pszicho.33.2013.1.2 · Cited by 18
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What Does it Take to Flow? Investigating Links Between Grit, Growth Mindset, and Flow in Musicians
Tan, J. S., Yap, K., & Bhattacharya, J. (2021) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204321989529 · Cited by 28
“Scores for overall flow were obtained by averaging both the DFS-2 scores from musical practice and performance.”
Method
A Youth Performing Arts Experience
Trayes, J., Harré, N., & Overall, N. C. (2011) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558411417867 · Cited by 19
“This was measured using five items from the nine-dimension Flow State Scale (FSS), developed by Jackson and Marsh (1996) and Jackson and Eklund (2002).”
Method
A cognitive-experiential approach to modelling web navigation
van Schaik, P., & Ling, J. (2012) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2012.03.003 · Cited by 18
“Nine dimensions of flow (see Table 1) have been distinguished (Csikszentmihalyi, 1988) and measurement instruments for these dimensions have been developed and validated (e.g., Jackson and Marsh, 1996; Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
Method
Participation Motivation Questionnaire: tradução e validação para uso em atletas-jovens brasileiros
Guedes, D. P., & Netto, J. E. S. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1807-55092013005000003 · Cited by 18
Empirically comparing flow, narrative engagement, and enjoyment as responses to a computer game
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“The scale, as well as the constituent sub-scales, has been validated in a number of studies and in different languages (e.g., Fournier et al., 2007; Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Kawabata, Mallett, & Jackson, 2008).”
Background
EMOTIONAL CREATIVITY INVENTORY: FACTOR STRUCTURE, RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY IN A GEORGIAN-SPEAKING POPULATION
Martsksvishvili, K., Abuladze, N., Sordia, N., & Neubauer, A. C. (2017) · Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/ppc/17.11.31 · Cited by 17
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Mahnke, R., Benlian, A., & Heß, T. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.13140/2.1.4852.0486 · Cited by 19
Sun-Dried Raisins are a Cost-Effective Alternative to Sports Jelly Beans in Prolonged Cycling
Rietschier, H. L., Henagan, T. M., Earnest, C. P., Baker, B. L., Cortez, C. C., & Stewart, L. K. (2011) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31820f5089 · Cited by 16
“The flow state scale-2 was administered to participants immediately after their experimental exercise trials (15).”
Method
Validity Evidence for the Flow State Scale-2 with University Athletes
Hernández, J. A. E., & Voser, R. D. C. (2019) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-4327e2909 · Cited by 16
“The results of Fournier et al. (2007) replicated, with a slight advantage, the factorial structure obtained by Jackson and Eklund (2002), and the fitness of the first order model was also superior to the second order model.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Tele-Immersive Improv
Branch, B., Efstratiou, C., Mirowski, P., et al. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445310 · Cited by 16
“The connections between feeling immersed and performing better improv correlates with many of the nine dimensions of flow described by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi [22].”
Background
Relationships between flow state and motivation in junior elite tennis players: Differences by gender
Mouelhi-Guizani, S., Guinoubi, S., Chtara, M., & Crespo, M. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541221082990 · Cited by 17
Flow experience in foreign language writing: Its effect on students’ writing process and writing performance
Liu, P., Zhang, Y., & Liu, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.952044 · Cited by 24
Exploring the Neural Correlates of Flow Experience with Multifaceted Tasks and a Single-Channel Prefrontal EEG Recording
Hang, Y., Unenbat, B., Tang, S., Wang, F., Lin, B., & Zhang, D. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24061894 · Cited by 25
Linking Flow, Brand Attitudes and Purchase Intent in Virtual Worlds
Hooker, R. E., Wasko, M. M., & Paradice, D. (2009) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 16
Integrating flow theory and the serious leisure perspective into mental health counseling
Dieser, R. B., Christenson, J. D., & Davis‐Gage, D. (2014) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2014.944883 · Cited by 16
“From a quantitative perspective, this can include the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (SLIM) (Gould, Moore, McGuire, & Stebbins, 2008), the Dispositional Flow Scale (DFS-2), and the Flow State Scale (FSS-2) (Jackson & Eklund, 2002, 2004; Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Jackson, Martin, & Eklund, 2008).”
Background
The effect of performance context and skill level on the frequency of flow experiences
Koehn, S., & Morris, T. (2012) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.718364 · Cited by 19
“The subscales showed acceptable reliability values, ranging between 0.81 and 0.90 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Theoretical Integration and Future Lines of Flow Research
Engeser, S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1_10 · Cited by 16
The Surrogate Body in Play
Spiel, K., & Gerling, K. (2019) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3311350.3347189 · Cited by 15
The General Flow Proneness Scale: Aspects of Reliability and Validity of a New 13-Item Scale Assessing Flow
Elnes, M., & Sigmundsson, H. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231153850 · Cited by 16
“Jackson et al. developed some of the most widely used, quantitative measurements of flow, assessing flow within specified activities with regard to all flow characteristics (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson, Eklund, & Martin, 2010; Jackson & Marsh, 1996).”
Background
NECESIDADES PSICOLÓGICAS BÁSICAS, MOTIVACIÓN INTRÍNSECA Y PROPENSIÓN A LA EXPERIENCIA AUTOTÉLICA EN EL EJERCICIO FÍSICO
Murcia, J. A. M., Marín, L. C., Silva, F. B., & González‐Cutre, D. (2008) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 15
Flow in Music and Arts
Harmat, L., de Manzano, Ö., & Ullén, F. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_14 · Cited by 26
Examining discriminant validity issues of the Sport Motivation Scale-6
Kawabata, M., & Mallett, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.723132 · Cited by 15
“The DFS-2 is a 36-item dispositional assessment of flow experience in a physical activity setting and consists of nine subscales (four items each) corresponding to nine flow dimensions (e.g., challenge-skill balance, concentration on the task at hand, and autotelic experience).”
MethodInfluential
Interplay of different contextual motivations and their implications for exercise motivation.
González‐Cutre, D., Sicilia, Á., & Aguila, C. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 15
Does Gamification Improve Flow Experience in Classroom? An Analysis of Gamer Types in Collaborative and Competitive Settings
Marinho, A., Bittencourt, I. I., Santos, W. O. D., & Dermeval, D. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Informática na Educação · doi:10.5753/rbie.2019.27.02.40 · Cited by 15
“…widely applied to the study of several fields, such as, physical activity (González-Cutre et al., 2009; Crust & Swann, 2013; Gucciardi et al., 2009; Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2008), education (Cermakova et al., 2010), arts (Fritz & Avsec, 2007; Sinnamon et al., 2012) and digital…”
Background
THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURE (EEG) OF FLOW UNDER CONDITIONS OF PEAK PERFORMANCE
Kock, D., & Gideon, F. (2014) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 15
The effects of gender stereotype-based interfaces on users’ flow experience and performance
Oliveira, W., Hamari, J., Ferreira, W. D., Toda, A. M., Palomino, P. T., Vassileva, J., & Isotani, S. (2022) · Journal of Computers in Education · doi:10.1007/s40692-022-00249-5 · Cited by 14
“The clear goals dimension is a necessary part of achieving something worthwhile in any endeavor and the focus that goals provide to actions also means that they are an integral component of the flow experience (Jackson et al., 2011; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Influential
Predictors of problematic internet use in the everyday internet activities of a French representative sample: The importance of psychological traits
Erhel, S., Drouard, J., Jacob, F., Lumeau, M., Suire, R., & Gonthier, C. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108099 · Cited by 16
The light side of gaming: creativity and brain plasticity
Ganter-Argast, C., Schipper, M., Shamsrizi, M., Stein, C., & Khalil, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1280989 · Cited by 18
Flow and Mindfulness in Performance
Jackson, S. A. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139871310.005 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Relationship Between Flow and Athletic Identity: The Case of Three Elite Sportsmen
Orta, A., Sicilia, Á., & Fernández‐Balboa, J. (2016) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2016.1175951 · Cited by 14
“…flow is defined as the state of consciousness associated with maximum levels of performance that can be controlled, elicited, maintained, and measured (Jackson, 1992; Jackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999; Jackson & Eklund, 2002, 2012; Jackson, Kimiecik, Ford, & Marsh, 1998; Jackson & Marsh, 1996).”
Background
Flow in Nurses
Martínez‐Zaragoza, F., Gil, G. B., del Río, B. M., Castro, J. F., Ato‐García, M., & Puchol, Á. S. (2017) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000225 · Cited by 17
Relationships Between Flow Experience, IKIGAI, and Sense of Coherence in Tai Chi Practitioners
Kenji, I., & Oguma, Y. (2013) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0b013e31829b9199 · Cited by 14
The relations between hyperfocus and similar attentional states, adult ADHD symptoms, and affective dysfunction
Ayers-Glassey, S., & Smilek, D. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05235-3 · Cited by 16
“…characteristics: skill-challenge balance, clear goals, immediate and unambiguous feedback, concentration, merged action and awareness, loss of self-consciousness, heightened sense of control, time distortion, and experiencing the activity as intrinsically rewarding (Jackson & Eklund, 2002 ).”
Validation of the dispositional adult hyperfocus questionnaire (AHQ-D)
Hupfeld, K. E., Osborne, J. B., Tran, Q. T., Hyatt, H. W., Abagis, T. R., & Shah, P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70028-y · Cited by 14
The Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 is a reliable and valid instrument for older cardiac rehabilitation patients selecting music for exercise
Clark, I. N., Baker, F. A., Peiris, C. L., Shoebridge, G., & Taylor, N. F. (2015) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735614565830 · Cited by 12
“Motivational music might also facilitate an experience of flow, wherein the individual is completely immersed in the activity and is less aware of common negative influences during exercise such as physical discomfort, fatigue, or boredom (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Background
“Add Flow to the Fire”: Flow and Hope as a Shield against Burnout of Fire Service Workers
Yotsidi, V., Kourmousi, N., Dermitzaki, E., et al. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.96079 · Cited by 13
“…been conducted in relation to work (Ceja & Navarro, 2011; Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989; Moneta, 2012), sports (Jackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999; Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Kawabata, Mallett, & Jackson, 2008), arts (Bakker, 2005; Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989), and online activities and gaming…”
Towards Automatic Flow Experience Identification in Educational Systems
Oliveira, W., Toda, A. M., Palomino, P. T., et al. (2019) · doi:10.1145/3341215.3356311 · Cited by 13
“Introduction Flow, defined by the Hungarian-American psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi [6], describes an optimal experience of intense engagement that can occur when people are immersed in certain activity [4, 22, 5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Investigating how gamified syllabic literacy impacts learning, flow and inappropriate behaviors: A single-subject study design
Jogo, D. A., Challco, G. C., Bittencourt, I. I., Reis, M., Silva, L. R., & Isotani, S. (2022) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2022.100458 · Cited by 14
The relation between trait flow and engagement, understanding, and grades in undergraduate lectures
Smith, A. C., Ralph, B. C. W., Smilek, D., & Wammes, J. D. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12589 · Cited by 13
Overexcitability and Optimal Flow in Talented Dancers, Singers, and Athletes
Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. V. (2016) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2015.1112865 · Cited by 17
“This flow dimension is generally regarded as a dispositional trait; however, all of the nine flow dimensions can be assessed as dispositional (trait) or state factors (Jackson & Eklund, 2002, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A PRISMA review of collective flow experiences in music contexts
Tay, K., Tan, L., & Goh, W. (2019) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735619873389 · Cited by 19
“Following the performance of each arrangement, the Flow State Scale–2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) was administered to each performer and blood tests were administered to measure concentrations of blood plasma oxytocin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).”
Method
The Revised Game Engagement Model: Capturing the subjective gameplay experience
Procci, K., Bowers, C. A., Jentsch, F. G., Sims, V. K., & McDaniel, R. (2018) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2018.06.001 · Cited by 13
'Flow' Sightseeing, Satisfaction and Personal Development: Exploring Relationships via Positive Psychology
Filep, S. (2007) · ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) · Cited by 13
An Examination of Motivational Regulations, Dispositional Flow and Social Physique Anxiety among College Students for Exercise: A Self-Determination Theory Approach
Ersöz, G. (2016) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4861.1449 · Cited by 13
The effect of music tempo on movement flow
Zhang, J., Huang, Y., Dong, Y., Li, J., Zhu, L., & Zhao, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1292516 · Cited by 15

Authors: Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C.
Affiliations: Queensland University of Technology (AU)
The University of Western Australia (AU)
ORCID: Jackson, Susan A.
Eklund, Robert C.
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 133-150
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.24.2.133
OpenAlex: W2157505989
Cited by: 800
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 8.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Keywords: flow experience, physical activity, self-report measures, scale development, factor structure, reliability statistics, dispositional flow

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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2

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