Cited by 800Flow Experience in Various FieldsSport Psychology and PerformanceRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management

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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2

Jackson, Susan A., Eklund, Robert C.·2002·Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Abstract

The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation sample demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification sample yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation sample, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).

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Detalhando a Motivação em um Processo de Gamificação
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“Está dividida em sub-escalas com um total de 36 itens em escala Likert de 5 pontos que devem ser respondidos [Jackson and Eklund 2002]; • Escala de Motivação para Atividades Didáticas de Fı́sica (EMADF): É uma escala focada na motiva;cão de alunos do ensino médio em relação a resolução…”
OTANTİK LİDERLİĞİN PSİKOLOJİK SERMAYE, İŞE KAPILMA VE OKUL BAŞARISIYLA İLİŞKİSİ
Bayır, Ö. Ö., & Aydın, A. (2019) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2019..-631377 · Cited by 7
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Califf, C. B., Stumpf, T., & Frye, J. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the ... Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences/Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.753 · Cited by 3
“Empirically, a number of fields have adopted and extended Csikszentmihalyi’s flow construct, including exercise and sport psychology [18, 19, 20], education [47], and aging and quality of life [33].”
BackgroundMethod
Ototelik Kişilik, Öz-Yeterliliğin Bireysel Performans Üzerindeki Etkisinde Fark Yaratır Mı?
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Team flow: the missing piece in performance
Mosek, E. (2017) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 3
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“The FSS and its successor the FSS-2 [25] have been used primarily in athletics, but the FSS has been adapted to other realms such as cognitive evaluation [40].”
Method
Flow disposicional e o bem-estar espiritual em praticantes de actividades físicas de inspiração oriental
Gouveia, M. J. (2011) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 3
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“For the measurement of flow experience, the effectiveness of the Flow State Scale 2 (FSS2), the Dispositional Flow Scale 2, flow distance (FD), EGameFlow, and the Game Experience Questionnaire have been confirmed [24,51].”
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Tong, S., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Ren, W., & Pu, F. (2025) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/76278 · Cited by 2
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“Subsequent instruments, such as the Flow State Scale (FSS) and its revised version, the FSS-2, were developed to operationalize Csikszentmihalyi’s original nine-dimensional model [17].”
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Flow state was measured using Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Method
Psychometric properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese Flow State Scale Short (FSS-BR-S)
Bittencourt, I. I., Freires, L. A., Lu, Y., Challco, G. C., Fernandes, S. C. S., Coelho, J. A. P. D. M., da Costa, J. C. A., Pian, Y., Marinho, A., & Isotani, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286639 · Cited by 3
“Jackson continued to adapt and develop the initial version, introducing the FSS-2 in the 2000s, which is now considered the measurement of flow status during an event [11].”
Detection and Asynchronous Flow Prediction in a MOOC
Luelmo, S. I. R., Mawas, N. E., Bachelet, R., et al. (2024) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-024-02838-w · Cited by 2
“…educational contexts [18, 30], such the Flow Scale [41], the FlowQuestionnaire [28], the Flow State Scale (FSS) [31], the Flow State Scale 2 (FSS2) [42], the Dispositional Flow Scale 2 (DFS2) [43], the Flow-Kurzskala (FKS) [44], Flow in Human–Computer Interaction [45], and the EduFlow and…”
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“One of the first actions I did was to have members take the flow scales assessment to determine the extent of their frequency of getting into flow (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
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Urfa, O., Aşçı, F., & Karadağ, D. (2025) · Jurnal sport science · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2470023 · Cited by 2
“Each characteristic represents a distinctive conceptual dimension of the flow experience (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
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Background
Making the Final Shot: The Role of Passion and Integrated Temporal Positivity in Last-Second Sport Performance
Sverdlik, A., Vallerand, R. J., St-Louis, A. C., Tion, M. S., & Porlier, G. (2019) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2019-0058 · Cited by 2
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Result
Attentional Strategies and Their Relationship with Perceived Exertion and Flow
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Going with the flow: linking flow, brand attitudes, and purchase intent in virtual worlds
Paradice, D., Wasko, M. M., & Hooker, R. E. (2010) · DigiNole (Florida State University) · Cited by 2
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Burris, C. T., & Sani, F. (2013) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2013.771964 · Cited by 2
Effect of Training for Trust in Putting Performance of Skilled Golfers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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“The Flow State Scale (FSS) was developed by Jackson and Marsh who found their original scale had an internal consistency of alpha M=.83 [8].”
Background
Flow Scale-Construction and Validation
Singh, K. K., Junnarkar, M., & Kaur, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3631-3_4 · Cited by 2
Transforming psychological capital and flow experience of R&D employees into performance
Xu, J., Song, C., & Huang, D. (2016) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.1109/picmet.2016.7806770 · Cited by 2
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Alanagh, H. N., Zandi, H. G., & Talab, R. H. (2017) · IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education · doi:10.9790/6737-04030411 · Cited by 2
“(7) Flow was studied in sports fields, recreation fields and among the top elite athletes.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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Zumeta, L. N., Basabe, N., Telletxea, S., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe6030011 · Cited by 2
Meta-analysis: effects of mental preparation techniques based on imagery - hypnosis on flow states and athletic performance
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“…rendimiento subjetivo entrenador, rendimiento subjetivo del deportista y resultado en -1,000 -0,500 0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) (Jackson & Eklund,2002) (Jackson & Eklund, 2004) Ta m añ o de e fe ct o Escla medicion Flow PE N SA R E N M O VI M IE N TO .”
Influential
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Approaching Collaborative Flow in Collaborative Gaming, a Survey Study
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“Solo players experienced stronger flow probed using the psychometric questionnaire Flow State Scale-Short Form [23], [24].”
Method
User Evaluation of a Storytelling Application Assisting Visitors in Protected Nature Areas
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Analyzing Customer Experience and Willingness to Use Towards Virtual Human Products: Real Person Generated vs. Computer Program Generated
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Affective Computing for detecting psychological Flow state: a definition and methodological problem
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Does Mouse Click Frequency Predict Students' Flow Experience?
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“To identify the student’s flow experience, we used the flow state scale (FSS) developed by Jackson and Eklund (2002).”
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“The psychological state of flow is a research subject in itself, centered around one’s relation to a task as it primarily relies on the challenge-skill ratio aspect [12]; it is often considered a desirable state, and time perception alterations are one of its manifestations.”
Background
Hypnosis in the Clutch
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“Third, scientific and professional societies in sport should consider training for individuals in the use of hypnosis intervention strategies [46-53].”
Influence of Flow Conditions in Entertainment Activities
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“The flow state scale-2 (FSS-2) and the dispositional flow scale-2 (DFS-2) developed by Jackson and his colleagues have been acknowledged as the standardized scales that are most commonly used [5, 6].”
Background
Intrinsische Motivation
Brandstätter, V., Schüler, J., Puca, R. M., et al. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56685-5_8 · Cited by 2
Does Frequent Use of Signature Strengths Enhance Academic Well-Being?
Ianni, P. A. (2012) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor) · Cited by 2
The effects of hypnosis on flow and in the performance enhancement of basketball skills
Vasquez, B. L. (2005) · Research Exchange (Washington State University) · Cited by 2
Exploring the potential relationship between mindfulness and ratings of perceived exertion.
Hanneman, S. (2013) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2276 · Cited by 3
Flow
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Being Mindful of Perfectionism and Performance Among Athletes in a Judged Sport
Dyke, E. D. V. (2019) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.7428 · Cited by 2
Psychological Flow In A Physical Task
Joseph, L. (2013) · Bucknell Digital Commons (Bucknell University) · Cited by 3
Development of the psychologically deep experiences (PDE) in nature scale
Litwiller, F., & Walker, G. J. (2016) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2016.1169436 · Cited by 1
“The FSS was developed by Jackson and Marsh (1996) and further refined by Jackson and Eklund (2002) as the FSS-2.”
MethodInfluential
Estado de flow e intención de práctica de actividad física en adolescentes argentinos
Riccetti, A. E., Álvarez, E. F., López, J. C., et al. (2020) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.202101.012 · Cited by 1
Measuring Narrative Engagement in Interactive Cinematic VR Experiences
Wolfe, A., Louchart, S., & Livingstone, D. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47655-6_23 · Cited by 1
“Based on this model, the Flow State Scale (FSS) was developed [20].”
When feeling positive is being “in the zone”: How challenge optimality causes changes in positive affect and flow
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“At the end of the experiment, the participants were asked to complete the flow state scale (FSS; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Method
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Masculine gender role mediates sex and mindfulness skills in predicting student athletes’ sport-related anxiety and dispositional flow
Price, E., Martin, L. A., Granquist, M. D., & Blumenthal, B. (2025) · Physical Education of Students · doi:10.15561/20755279.2025.0308 · Cited by 1
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“Given the parallels between flow theory and behavioral activation, future studies should incorporate validated flow state measures such as the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) or Dispositional Flow Scale (DFS-2) to quantify this mechanism (Jackson and Marsh, 1996; Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
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“Some items in the FSS-2 are phrased too generically and cannot accurately capture the flow experience specific to educational or research activities.”
Influential
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Flow Theory Re-Envisioned
Waterman, A. S. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197813485.001.0001 · Cited by 1
The impact of physical activity on mental health in obese female college students: the role of flow experience in mediation and intrinsic motivation in moderation
Fu, Z., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1694324 · Cited by 2
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Navigating ambiguous learning tasks through flow theory and behaviorist reinforcement: Effects on motivation, flow experience, and psychological well-being
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Mapping the evidence on mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) and its influence on flow, performance, and mental health in athletes: A scoping review
Mascarenhas, D. A. M., Mathias, E. G., Aishwariya, L., Inchara, S., Gangadhara, V. K., Kannanayakkal, A., Gayathry, S., V, & Pai, K. K. (2026) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2026.100419 · Cited by 2
Flowing toward toughness: serial mediation of flow and mental toughness in gamified XR soccer instruction
Li, C., Memmert, D., & Sang, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1731891 · Cited by 2
“It is accompanied by a loss of self-awareness and an altered perception of time (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
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“Several studies have shown a relationship between the disposition to experience flow and factors such as perfectionism (Blachowska et al. 2023), satisfaction (Harnois 2022), and sports performance (Jackson and Eklund 2002; Norsworthy et al. 2017; Swann et al. 2023).”
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“This deliberate focus is further justiﬁed given documented validity concerns with some dimensions of the FSS-2 when including all nine dimensions, such as the transformation of time (104).”
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Authors: Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C.
Affiliations: Queensland University of Technology (AU)
The University of Western Australia (AU)
ORCID: Jackson, Susan A.
Eklund, Robert C.
Venue: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2002-06
Volume: 24
Issue: 2
Pages: 133-150
ISSN: 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
1543-2904
DOI: 10.1123/jsep.24.2.133
OpenAlex: W2157505989
Cited by: 800
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 8.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Keywords: flow experience, physical activity, self-report measures, scale development, factor structure, reliability statistics, dispositional flow

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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2

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