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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2
Abstract
The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation sample demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification sample yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation sample, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).
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“The third employs the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2010) for flow state data, with items such as “Challenge-skill balance: I am challenged, but I believe my skills will allow me to meet the challenge.””
From Mindfulness and self-rated performance among novice athletes in China: a sequential mediating role of flow and cognitive anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Jackson and Eklund, 2002
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Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Breve de Experiencias Óptimas (Flow)
Calero, A. D., & Injoque‐Ricle, I. (2013) · Revista Evaluar · doi:10.35670/1667-4545.v13.n1.6796 · Cited by 7
The ways to operationalize flow experience
Mózes, T., Magyaródi, T., Soltész, P., Nagy, H., & Oláh, A. (2012) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/mpszle.67.2012.1.5 · Cited by 8
Making Games for Health Engaging: The Influence of Cognitive Skills
Kreutzer, C. P., & Bowers, C. A. (2016) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2015.0048 · Cited by 8
“A study by Moore(11) explored these two cognitive skills as predictors of individuals’ propensity to experience flow, as measured by the Dispositional Flow Scale-2.(14) Because this scale is intended to measure flow disposition in a variety of activities, participants in the study by Moore(11) were free to choose any…”
Meyer-Parlapanis, D., Siefert, S., & Weierstall, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00547 · Cited by 7
“Activity in a sport context can also result in an experience of “flow,” in which the athlete completely blocks out external factors in the contest (Kowal and Fortier, 1999; Jackson and Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundHow mindfulness training may mediate stress, performance and burnout.
Fürrer, P. J., Moen, F., & Firing, K. (2015) · The Sport Journal · Cited by 5
Huang, L., Hu, F., Wu, C., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.093 · Cited by 6
Mindfulness with Collegiate Gymnasts: Effects on Flow, Stress and Overall Mindfulness Levels
Cherup, N. P., & Vidić, Ž. (2019) · International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports · doi:10.26524/ijpefs1933 · Cited by 7
“The DFS-2 was developed by Jackson and Eklund (2002) and is grounded in the theoretical framework of Csikszentmihalyi’s flow theory (1990) [3, 4].”
BackgroundLe fonctionnement optimal psychologique : apports conceptuels et méthodologiques
Jaotombo, F. (2019) · Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations · doi:10.1016/j.pto.2019.06.001 · Cited by 6
Overview of the Dissertation Process within the Framework of Flow Theory: A Qualitative Study
Çakmak, E., İşçi, S., Uslu, F., Öztekin, Ö., Danışman, Ş., & Karadağ, E. (2015) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2015.3.2606 · Cited by 6
“The relevant literature shows that flow theory is used in diverse disciplines, such as positive psychology (Park & Peterson, 2009), sport psychology (Jackson & Ecklund, 2002), educational psychology (Rathunde & Csikszentmihalyi, 2005), organizational psychology (Nielsen & Cleal, 2010),…”
BackgroundCombining Personality and Physiology to Investigate the Flow Experience in Virtual Reality Games
Michailidis, L., Barcias, J. L., Charles, F., He, X., & Balaguer‐Ballester, E. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23528-4_7 · Cited by 6
The Relationship Between Flow Experience and Sense of Coherence
Kenji, I., & Oguma, Y. (2014) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000018 · Cited by 6
Flow Experience on the Web: Measurement Validation and Mixed Method Survey of Flow ActivitiesPreprint
Mahnke, R., Wagner, T. M., & Benlian, A. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.13140/2.1.2754.8966 · Cited by 6
Mental toughness in Australian football
Gucciardi, D. F. (2008) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 6
A Physiological Feedback Controlled Exercise Video Game
Baradoy, G. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/24950 · Cited by 6
Thompson, A. (2015) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4763 · Cited by 6
“The extent to which students perceived the goal demands as challenges was measured using four items from the Flow State Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
MethodTurchetto, M., Tomaselli, V., Giorgi, F., Leone, S., & Leo, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1518495 · Cited by 5
A systematic review of the mindful sport performance enhancement program
Minkler, T. O., Oparina, E., & Kostrna, J. R. (2025) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2025.2521774 · Cited by 10
Rakei, A., & Bhattacharya, J. (2024) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000674 · Cited by 5
Rey, L., Guyon, A. J. A. A., Hildebrandt, H., Güsewell, A., Horsch, A., Nater, U. M., Jamieson, J. P., & Gomez, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1579759 · Cited by 6
Through with the looking glass: Escape responses to implicit mirror exposure
Burris, C. T., & Lai, E. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.10.016 · Cited by 5
“Importantly, although a fully functional physical body may be essential for many flow experiences (e.g., Jackson & Eklund, 2002), the primary attentional focus in such experiences is outward, i.e., away from the self and towards the environment.”
Toward a theory of Engaged School Leadership
Beard, K. S. (2018) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/105268461802800603 · Cited by 7
Meggs, J., & Chen, M. A. (2021) · Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/cssep.2020-0034 · Cited by 5
¿Qué implica disfrutar del deporte? Presentación de un instrumento para su evaluación
Schmidt, V., Molina, F., Raimundi, M. J., Celsi, I., Liotard, A. G., Pérez-Gaido, M., & Arabehety, M. G. (2022) · Diversitas · doi:10.15332/22563067.6009 · Cited by 13
Frash, R. E., & Blose, J. E. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft · doi:10.1515/tw-2022-0009 · Cited by 5
Zhi, H., & Zhang, D. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s387166 · Cited by 5
“Although flow is defined as a multidimensional construct, the challenge-skill balance is considered by many studies as the primary dimension to measure flow.(71,72) Under the state of flow, the person perceives a balance between the challenges of a situation and one’s skills, with both operating at a high level.”
BackgroundEffects of long-term Ashtanga Yoga practice on psychological well-being
Morris, B., Jackson, J., & Roberts, A. (2023) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-03-2023-0033 · Cited by 8
Costa, A., Martins, A., & Faria, L. (2023) · Research in Dance Education · doi:10.1080/14647893.2023.2230141 · Cited by 5
“This scale also showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .81) The Dispositional Flow Scale adapted for Physical Activity (DFS2) was originally developed by Jackson and Eklund (2002) and translated and adapted by Gouveia et al. (2012) to the Portuguese population.”
EFFECTS OF FLOW STATES ON ELITE ATHLETES IN TEAM SPORTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Martiny, L. E., Theil, L. Z., Neto, E. M., Dias, G., Ferreira, J. P., & Mendes, R. (2023) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v16n8-118 · Cited by 5
Couple and family optimal experiences: Integrating flow theory into the relational sciences
Somjee, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12576 · Cited by 5
Game Factors Influencing Players to Continue Playing Online Pets
Luh, D.-B., Li, E. C., & Dai, C.-C. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games · doi:10.1109/tciaig.2016.2556281 · Cited by 5
“Jackson and Eklund [20] developed the flow state scale-2 for assessing the flow state during physical activity.”
BackgroundFifth Graders' Flow Experience in a Digital Game-Based Science Learning Environment
Zheng, M. S., & Spires, H. A. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8200-9.ch073 · Cited by 5
Álvarez, E. F., López, J. C., Gómez, V., & Pérez-Tejero, J. (2017) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-4.rdfd · Cited by 5
“The Spanish version (García Calvo, Jiménez, Santos-Rosa, Reina, & Cervelló, 2008) of the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 ([DFS-2]; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) was used to measure students’ disposition toward experiencing a flow state in their PE classes.”
MethodAchtsamkeit – auch ein Megatrend im Leistungssport?
Hoja, S., Zirkelbach, J., & Jansen, P. (2017) · Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.orthtr.2017.11.001 · Cited by 5
ERYILMAZ, G., Unur, K., & Akgündüz, Y. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism · doi:10.31822/jomat.2021-6-2-127 · Cited by 6
The Flow-Clutch Scale: Translation and validation study of the Chinese version
Kuang, J., Zhu, W., Herold, F., Chen, E., Gerber, M., Ludyga, S., Zhang, L., Müller, N. G., Kramer, A. F., & Zou, L. (2022) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101670 · Cited by 5
Uncovering associations between users' behaviour and their flow experience
Oliveira, W., Hamari, J., Ferreira, W. D., Pastushenko, O., Toda, A. M., Palomino, P. T., & Isotani, S. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2276822 · Cited by 6
“About the results related to the challenge-skills balance dimension, analysing the literature on Flow Theory (Csikszentmihalyi 1997a, 2014a; Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi 1975) and the model proposed by Oliveira et al. (2019), we realised that to achieve a challenge-skill balance experience, the individual ’ s…”
InfluentialStander, F. W., Rothmann, S., & Botha, E. (2015) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2015.1124600 · Cited by 5
“…of unambiguous feedback, which occur because of a clear outcome understanding harnessed through proper communication on team level, and heightened focus, which can be achieved by establishing a clear end result for the athletic activity in question (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Peifer et al ., 2014) .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntrinsische Motivation im Kontext Sport und Bewegung
Schüler, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56802-6_8 · Cited by 5
Román, M. L., Guíu-Carrera, M., Coto-Cañamero, A., & Castuera, R. J. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12062352 · Cited by 5
Dorland, J. M. (2006) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 5
Motivations, experiences and outcomes of playing videogames
Kaye, L. K. (2012) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 5
Propensity and attainment of flow state
Koehn, S. (2007) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 7
Jackman, P. C., Greer, J., Schweickle, M. J., Boudreau, P., Goddard, S. G., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2025) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2025.2561824 · Cited by 5
“In contrast, a range of measures have been used to assess flow in sport (e.g., Jackson et al., 2008; Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Swann et al., 2022) and psychobiosocial states (Hanin, 2000; Robazza et al., 2016, 2021; Ruiz et al., 2019), which are core to the IZOF (Hanin, 2000; Ruiz et al., 2020) and…”
DİJİTAL SERBEST ZAMAN AKIŞ DENEYİMİ: ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI
Er, B., & Cengız, R. (2023) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.1207592 · Cited by 5
Human-AI Coordination to Induce Flow in Adaptive Learning Systems
Juvina, I., O’Neill, K., Carson, J., Menke, P., Wong, C. H., McNett, H., & Holsinger, G. (2024) · Learning and analytics in intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53957-2_7 · Cited by 4
Kowalik, B. A., Baggio, S., King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-025-01483-5 · Cited by 4
“Dispositional Flow Scales-2 (Short Version) (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Analysis of Mindfulness and Flow
Chen, S. (2020) · International Conference on Public Health and Data Science (ICPHDS) · doi:10.1109/icphds51617.2020.00009 · Cited by 4
Sajno, E., Beretta, A., Novielli, N., et al. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE) · doi:10.1109/metroxraine54828.2022.9967605 · Cited by 4
“FSS-2 and DFS-2 were deployed with further revisions [10] and translations in different languages are available (e.g., Italian [11], French [12], Spanish [13], and Japanese [14]).”
BackgroundStriving for a perfect flow: Testing the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in trail runners
Blachowska, A., Waleriańczyk, W., & Stolarski, M. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112278 · Cited by 4
A Serious Game Based on Hidden Objects for Art History in Fully Immersive Virtual Reality
Cecotti, H. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47328-9_17 · Cited by 4
Lange, V. (2024) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-024-00856-x · Cited by 4
“Flow is most commonly conceptualized as a multi -dimensional construct in psychol - ogy (Jackson & Eklund, 2002 ).”
Rahnama, N., Malekzadeh, G., & Moshtari, M. (2024) · Journal of Management & Governance · doi:10.1007/s10997-024-09726-8 · Cited by 4
“…as present-moment consciousness devoid of moment-to-moment judgment (Kabat-Zinn, 2003), is crucial for flow, given its focus on deliberate attention regula - tion, as indicated by research linking attentional self-regulation to flow (Cermakova et al., 2010; Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Moore, 2013a ).”
The Biological Benefits of Failure on Learning and Tools to Manage the Fallout
Margulieux, L. E., Prather, J. E., & Rahimi, M. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10013-7 · Cited by 24
“Self-report measures related to the experience of flow—the feeling of being absorbed and singularly focused on an activity—could also be useful for studying focus, such as the Online Flow Questionnaire (Chen et al., 2000) or the Flow State Scale-Short Version (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
Personality differences in flow experience during collaborative problem solving in work teams
Buseyne, S., Danquigny, T., Depaepe, F., Heutte, J., & Raes, A. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105032 · Cited by 4
Castuera, R. J., García‐Calvo, T., Ruano, F. J. S.-R., et al. (2010) · Journal for the Study of Education and Development Infancia y Aprendizaje · doi:10.1174/021037010790317289 · Cited by 4
Brown, J. E. (2011) · Acquire (CQUniversity) · Cited by 4
Experiences from Attention Training Techniques among Athletes
Moen, F., & Firing, K. (2015) · The Sport Journal · doi:10.17682/sportjournal/2015.006 · Cited by 5
Herbert, R. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804352.003.0014 · Cited by 7
Collier, A. F., Tidikis, V., Blackhorse, D., Skabelund, S., Tannous, J., & Benally, M. (2020) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167820902954 · Cited by 4
“Participants were asked to complete the Dispositional Flow Survey Scale–2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002), which consisted of 13 questions that are known to evaluate the state of “flow.””
Validation of the Flow Scale Related to Physical Education in Arabic Language
Abbassi, M., Abbassi, W., Fenouillet, F., & Naceur, A. (2021) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2021.112020 · Cited by 5
StarsCTF: A Capture the Flag Experiment to Hack Player Types and Flow Experience
Vitorino, D., Bittencourt, I. I., & Challco, G. C. (2021) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4884-7_39 · Cited by 4
Getting in the flow: adolescent test-takers, motivation, and optimal performance
Marszalek, J. M. (2021) · Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-021-09377-5 · Cited by 5
“State and trait flow The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Ecklund, 2002) are 36-item scales organized in nine four-item subscales corresponding to the nine dimensions of flow, and the items use a five-point Likert-type response scale.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChallenge–skills balance in international junior elite tennis players
Guinoubi, S., Mouelhi-Guizani, S., Chtara, M., & Crespo, M. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541221129600 · Cited by 4
Abdulla, A. (2023) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v13i3.2799 · Cited by 4
“Goal Clarity was assessed by the four-item “Clear Goals” subscale of the “Dispositional Flow Scale” developed by Jackson & Eklund (2002).”
MethodGibbs, H. J., & Schiavio, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302769 · Cited by 4
“However, in most methods of measuring flow, time perception is usually only measured by arguably loose and ambiguous references to losing track of time [13, 14], and few studies have explicitly assessed the relationship between flow and time perception using a quantitative measure of time.”
Investigando los momentos óptimos en el deporte: una revisión del constructo flow
Cantón, A. O., & Sicilia, Á. (2015) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte · doi:10.1016/j.rbce.2014.01.001 · Cited by 4
9 Positive Change and Flow in Sport
Diana, B., Argenton, L., & Muzio, M. (2015) · doi:10.2478/9783110410242.9 · Cited by 4
HADİ, G. E., & Aşçı, F. H. (2016) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tjse.77952 · Cited by 4
“instrument consists of nine subscales and 36-item assessing the flow experiences associated with a particular physical activity, in general (25).”
BackgroundStrength Coaching as an Enabler of Positive Athlete Outcomes in a Multi-cultural Sport Environment
Stander, F. W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31012-1_13 · Cited by 4
Richard, V., Yang, Y., Runco, M. A., Alabbasi, A. M. A., & Tenenbaum, G. (2019) · IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.22492/ijpbs.5.si.01 · Cited by 4
“Challenge-skills dimension of flow (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundArdahan, F., & GÜLEÇ, S. (2020) · ISPEC International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities · doi:10.46291/ispecijsshvol4iss3pp129-144 · Cited by 4
Oliveira, W., Tenório, K., & Isotani, S. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.008 · Cited by 4
“Therefore, to ensure that the scale (i.e., the FSS proposed by Page 67 Jackson and Eklund [38]) used in the study matched the study data, we analyzed the internal reliability for each flow experience dimension (using Cronbach’s alpha test [53]).”
MethodInfluentialFlow in paralympics track and field.
Gomes, S. S., Leite, G. S. F., Pedrinelli, V. J., Ferreira, R. S. E., & Brandão, R. D. R. (2012) · Motricidade · Cited by 4
An Examination of Game-Based Learning from Theories of Flow Experience and Cognitive Load
Lai, C.-H., Chu, C.-M., Liu, H.-H., Yang, S.-B., & Chen, W.-H. (2013) · International Journal of Distance Education Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijdet.2013100102 · Cited by 5
Comparative study of sportmotivation and flow-experience in different sport competitors
Szemes, Á., Harsányi, S. G., & Tóth, L. (2016) · Testnevelés Sport Tudomány · doi:10.21846/tst.2016.1.8 · Cited by 4
Flow predisposition in Brazilian rugby athletes
Silva, G. M., Gomes, S. S., Zanetti, M. C., & Brandão, M. R. F. (2018) · Motricidade · doi:10.6063/motricidade.9872 · Cited by 4
“According to Csikszentmihalyi (1990), the flow state is composed by a set of nine dimensions that came to conceptualize this subjective experience, some may be more relevant than others depending on the activity carried out (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundCharacteristics and effects of motivational music in exercise
Priest, D.-L. (2003) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 4
FLOW AND ENGAGEMENT: DIFFERENT DEGREES OF THE SAME?
Rupayana, D. D. (2008) · K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University) · Cited by 4
Peng, J., Jing, L., Wang, P., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1436321 · Cited by 3
“Thus, all variables demonstrated notable reliability and discriminant validity.”
The Relationship Between Personality and Flow: A Meta‐Analysis
Buseyne, S., Said‐Metwaly, S., Noortgate, W. V. D., Depaepe, F., & Raes, A. (2025) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.70004 · Cited by 5
“For instance, some instruments focus on flow proneness or dispositional flow (e.g., DFS-2), which assesses an individual's general tendency to experience flow across various activities, while others retrospectively measure the intensity of flow during specific activities (e.g., FSS-2; Jackson and Eklund 2002).”
Combined Cognitive and Exercise Training Enhances Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Pilot Study
Rautu, A., Díaz-García, J., & Ring, C. (2025) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci6030063 · Cited by 3
Zappi, V., & Tatar, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1575168 · Cited by 5
Contributions of Physical Activity and Positive Psychological Functioning to Flow and Well-Being
Rodrigues, N. Á. F., Vieira, L. S., Martins, C. S., Moreira, C., & de Jesús, S. N. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13090301 · Cited by 4
“Studies (e.g., [20,24,25]) have found positive associations between flow and PA, identifying determinants such as co-participant support [26], challenge-skill balance [18], situational motivation [27], physical self-concept [28], and body image [29].”
Ekinci, E., & Gürbüz, B. (2025) · Sportive · doi:10.53025/sportive.1698950 · Cited by 5
“Flow is typically associated with high levels of performance and positive experiences, as it is considered an optimal psychological state (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
What Is Known About Athlete Engagement: A Scoping Review
Francisco, C., Scurtu, M. C., & Conesa, M. D. P. V. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-00975-5 · Cited by 3
Learning flow in educational contexts: A meta‐analysis of its antecedents and outcomes
Xie, M., Milani, A., Wang, S., Kou, T., Mao, Z., Ma, Y., & Mao, Y. (2026) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.70075 · Cited by 5
The Benefits Of Trait Mindfulness And Flow During A Period of Stressful Preparation
Medina, J., Rankin, K., & Sweeny, K. M. (2020) · UC Riverside Undergraduate Research Journal Submit · doi:10.5070/rj5141049298 · Cited by 3
“Trait flow was assessed with a 34-item revised version of the Dispositional Flow Scale (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson & Marsh, 1996; 1 = never, 5 = always).”
MethodDevelopment of Habitual Behaviour in Online Social Gaming
Jiang, N., Kaur, M., Adnan, M. M. B. M., Turner, J. J., & Goh, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2021010102 · Cited by 3
Physical Activity Flow Propensity
Pritikin, J. N., & Schmidt, K. M. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-022-00071-5 · Cited by 3
“The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund 2002) are person-focused measures of flow that have survived rigorous factor analytic examination (e.g., Martin & Jackson 2008; Jackson et al.”
BackgroundMethodThe Processes and Relationships in Composers Scale
Schiavio, A., Biasutti, M., Kempf, A., Popescu, T., & Benedek, M. (2024) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2024.41.3.217 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Gamification on Students’ Flow Experience: A Controlled Experimental Study
Brambilla, A., Oliveira, W., Scaico, P. D., Hamari, J., Li, Z., Shi, L., & Dindar, M. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) · doi:10.1109/icalt61570.2024.00078 · Cited by 3
Escapism: suppression of self or its expansion?
Mičić, B., & Musil, B. (2020) · Studia Historica Slovenica · doi:10.32874/shs.2020-09 · Cited by 5
Influence of Scenarios and Player Traits on Flow in Virtual Reality
Lavoué, É., Villenave, S., Serna, A., Helfenstein-Didier, C., Baert, P., & Lavoué, G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3332261 · Cited by 3
“In this study, we argue that there exists inter-individual differences in the users’ VR experience according to their player traits and that these models, especially the latest proposed by Tondello et al. [8], can help understand users’ preferences for game mechanics integrated in the scenario.”
Paula, R. D. A., Castanheira, L. F. D. S., da Silva, O. A. M., et al. (2023) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v51.99336 · Cited by 3
Countdown VR: A Serious Game in Virtual Reality to Develop Mental Computation Skills
Cecotti, H., Leray, M., & Callaghan, M. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Games · doi:10.1109/tg.2024.3357452 · Cited by 3
Data mining for psychological profiling of track and field athletes and runners
Sanz-Fernández, C., Brincones, J. L. P., Castellano, J., Reigal, R. E., Arvizu-Lozoya, D., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Morales‐Sánchez, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1518468 · Cited by 5
Alkfare-Alkferi, W. M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sciences · doi:10.4103/jcls.jcls_101_24 · Cited by 3
Shared flow in collective physical and sports activities and subjective well-being
Zumeta, L. N., Basabe, N., Telletxea, S., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.1989/ejihpe.v6i3.176 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Hypnosis on an Elite Senior European Tour Golfer
Pates, J. (2014) · Cited by 3
Barnes, T. M., & Nickel, A. (2013) · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-150
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2157505989
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- flow experience, physical activity, self-report measures, scale development, factor structure, reliability statistics, dispositional flow
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