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Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2
Abstract
The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) are presented as two self-report instruments designed to assess flow experiences in physical activity. Item modifications were made to the original versions of these scales in order to improve the measurement of some of the flow dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of an item identification and a cross-validation sample demonstrated a good fit of the new scales. There was support for both a 9-first-order factor model and a higher order model with a global flow factor. The item identification sample yielded mean item loadings on the first-order factor of .78 for the FSS-2 and .77 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged from .80 to .90 for the FSS-2, and .81 to .90 for the DFS-2. In the cross-validation sample, mean item loadings on the first-order factor were .80 for the FSS-2, and .73 for the DFS-2. Reliability estimates ranged between .80 to .92 for the FSS-2 and .78 to .86 for the DFS-2. The scales are presented as ways of assessing flow experienced within a particular event (FSS-2) or the frequency of flow experiences in chosen physical activity in general (DFS-2).
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“The third employs the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2010) for flow state data, with items such as “Challenge-skill balance: I am challenged, but I believe my skills will allow me to meet the challenge.””
From Mindfulness and self-rated performance among novice athletes in China: a sequential mediating role of flow and cognitive anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Jackson and Eklund, 2002
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Exploring flow experiences in cooperative digital gaming contexts
Kaye, L. K. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.023 · Cited by 71
“The Flow State Scale-Short Form (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson & Marsh, 1996) was used to measure the experience of flow in the cooperative-based gaming contexts, as well as a solo one.”
MethodThe relationship between mental toughness and dispositional flow
Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2011) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.635698 · Cited by 70
“Correlations between the subscales of the MTQ48 and the DFS-2 were all found to be significant (pB0.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Nature, Meaning, and Measure of Teacher Flow in Elementary Schools: A Test of Rival Hypotheses
Beard, K. S., & Hoy, W. K. (2010) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x10375294 · Cited by 71
“The model received mixed support (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Marsh & Jackson, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodConsensual BDSM facilitates role-specific altered states of consciousness: A preliminary study.
Ambler, J. K., Lee, E. M., Klement, K. R., Loewald, T., Comber, E. M., Hanson, S. A., Cutler, B., Cutler, N., & Sagarin, B. J. (2016) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000097 · Cited by 67
Cohen, S., & Bodner, E. (2018) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735618765349 · Cited by 84
Pre-Competition Imagery and Music: The Impact on Flow and Performance in Competitive Soccer
Pain, M. A., Harwood, C., & Anderson, R. (2011) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.25.2.212 · Cited by 65
Flow research in music contexts: A systematic literature review
Tan, L., & Sin, H. X. (2019) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864919877564 · Cited by 79
“The flow scales designed by Jackson and colleagues (Jackson & Eklund, 2002, 2004; Jackson & Marsh, 1996; Jackson, Eklund, & Martin, 2010; Jackson, Martin, & Eklund, 2008; Martin & Jackson, 2008) were the most frequently used (32/56 = 57.1%; e.g., Cohen & Bodner, 2018; de Manzano et al., 2010; Fritz…”
InfluentialMoneta, G. B. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9278-5 · Cited by 70
Martucci, A., Gursesli, M. C., Duradoni, M., & Guazzini, A. (2023) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/2023/5640258 · Cited by 62
When good is good: A virtuous circle of self-efficacy and flow at work among teachers
Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. M., Salanova, M., Cifré, E., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1174/021347411797361257 · Cited by 61
“To note that we examine this relationship regarding to the teaching specific domain, then assuming flow experience like a disposition linked to the teaching group of activities (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundFlujo Compartido y Reuniones Colectivas Positivas
Zumeta, L. N., Basabe, N., Włodarczyk, A., Bobowik, M., & Páez, D. (2016) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.32.3.261651 · Cited by 60
“First, we postulated a second-order factor of shared flow with the nine first order factors or flow components (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) (Hip.1).”
BackgroundResultBerglund, A., Jaarsma, T., Berglund, E., Strömberg, A., & Klompstra, L. V. (2022) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvac048 · Cited by 59
“The inventory contains 42 items in eight factors: spatial presence (seven items), social presence-actor (seven items), passive social presence (four items), active social presence (three items), presence as engagement (six items), presence as social richness (seven items), presence as social realism (three items), and…”
BackgroundPropensity for experiencing flow: The roles of cognitive flexibility and mindfulness.
Moore, B. (2013) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1080/08873267.2013.820954 · Cited by 74
“They administered the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2004) and the Mindfulness/Mindlessness Scale (MMS; Bodner & Langer, 2001) to a group of 182 students.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Psychometric Properties of Dispositional Flow Scale-2 in Internet Gaming
Wang, J., Liu, W. C., & Khoo, A. (2009) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9058-x · Cited by 59
“One reason could be Jackson and Eklund (2002) were using 0.90 cutoff values for NNFI and CFI.”
InfluentialThe EduFlow Model: A Contribution Toward the Study of Optimal Learning Environments
Heutte, J., Fenouillet, F., Kaplan, J., Martin-Krumm, C., & Bachelet, R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28634-1_9 · Cited by 49
Autonomous sensory meridian response: Scale development and personality correlates.
Roberts, N., Beath, A., & Boag, S. (2018) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000168 · Cited by 65
Antecedents and outcomes of work-related flow: A meta-analysis
Liu, W., Lu, H., Li, P., van der Linden, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2023) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103891 · Cited by 69
Swann, C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28634-1_4 · Cited by 69
“The Flow State Scale (FSS) and Dispositional Flow Scale (DFS), later modified to the FSS-2 and DFS-2 (Jackson and Marsh 1996; Jackson and Eklund 2002) are considered the Long Flow Scales and are most widely used.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFlow, Achievement Level, and Inquiry-Based Learning
Borovay, L., Shore, B. M., Caccese, C., Yang, E., & Hua, O. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Academics · doi:10.1177/1932202x18809659 · Cited by 77
A systematic review of flow interventions in sport and exercise
Goddard, S. G., Stevens, C. J., Jackman, P. C., & Swann, C. (2021) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2021.1923055 · Cited by 74
“More speci fi cally, con fi rming that a fl ow state has occurred (Moneta, 2021), and overcoming problems with discriminant validity (i.e. within the FSS-2 and DFS-2; Jackman et al., 2017) could be achieved by collecting qualitative (i.e. event-focused interviews; Swann et al., 2016) and quantitative data simultaneously.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFlow Experience and Mood States While Playing Body Movement-Controlled Video Games
Thin, A. G., Hansen, L., & McEachen, D. (2011) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412011402677 · Cited by 62
“Mean scores for each of the nine dimensions were compared with published norm values (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) for sports (n ¼ 700), physical activity (n ¼ 200), and dance (n ¼ 80) according to the procedure outlined by Hedges and Olkin (1985).”
MethodCan Balance be Boring? A Critique of the “Challenges Should Match Skills” Hypotheses in Flow Theory
Løvoll, H. S., & Vittersø, J. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0211-9 · Cited by 62
“4.1.3.4 Flow Experiences To provide yet another set of flow indicators, we included a short version of the Flow State Scale (FSS-2, Jackson and Eklund 2002) in our questionnaire.”
MethodInfluentialUnderstanding the cognitive and motivational underpinnings of sexual passion from a dualistic model.
Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Bernard‐Desrosiers, L., Guilbault, V., & Rajotte, G. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000116 · Cited by 57
Measuring Optimal Reading Experiences: The Reading Flow Short Scale
Thissen, B., Menninghaus, W., & Schlotz, W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02542 · Cited by 36
“Componential flow measures collect self-report ratings on how far individuals experience each of these flow components directly after engagement in an activity, from which subsequently a joint flow score is calculated (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Rheinberg et al., 2003).”
Mayrath, M. C., Traphagan, T. W., Heikes, E. J., & Trivedi, A. (2009) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820802602568 · Cited by 57
“…on Milbrath and Kinzie’s (2000) Computer Attitudes and Perceived Self-Efficacy scale; (2) a flow experience questionnaire adapted from the Flow State Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002); and (3) a writing confidence questionnaire based on the Writing Self-efficacy Scale (Shell, Murphy, & Bruning, 1989).”
MethodThe Flow Engine Framework: A cognitive model of optimal human experience
Šimleša, M., Guegan, J., Blanchard, E., Tarpin-Bernard, F., & Stéphanie Buisine, A. (2018) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1370 · Cited by 52
“There are several other methods to measure flow such as The Flow Scale (Mayers, 1978), The Flow Questionnaire and Flow Scale (Delle Fave & Massimini, 1988), Activity Flow State Scale – AFSS (Payne, Jackson, Noh, & Stine-Morrow, 2011), Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002), Flow Short Scale (Rheinberg, Vo…”
BackgroundGuyon, A. J. A. A., Studer, R. K., Hildebrandt, H., Horsch, A., Nater, U. M., & Gomez, P. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00448-8 · Cited by 64
“Measures of the final online questionnaire Trait anxiety Trait anxiety will be assessed with the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for adults (for English version [50], for French version [51].”
MethodInfluentialOn the Validation of the Passion Scale in Chinese
Zhao, Y., St-Louis, A. C., & Vallerand, R. J. (2015) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-015-0031-1 · Cited by 63
“This short scale contains nine items, using one item from each dimension of the full-length scale (Jackson and Eklund 2002; Jackson and Marsh 1996; Jackson et al. 2008).”
MethodAssessing flow experience in social networking site based brand communities
Kaur, P., Dhir, A., & Rajala, R. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.045 · Cited by 55
“For example, the different long and short instruments developed by Jackson and Roberts (1992); Jackson and Marsh (1996); Jackson et al. (1998); Jackson and Eklund (2002); Jackson et al. (2008) address the domain of physical activity.”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of a newly established flow state questionnaire
Magyaródi, T., Nagy, H., Soltész, P., Mózes, T., & Oláh, A. (2014) · Cited by 50
Self- and Team-Efficacy Beliefs of Rowers and Their Relation to Mindfulness and Flow
Pineau, T. R., Glass, C. R., Kaufman, K. A., & Bernal, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2014-0019 · Cited by 49
The Psychophysiology of Flow: A Systematic Review of Peripheral Nervous System Features
Knierim, M. T., Rissler, R., Dorner, V., Maedche, A., & Weinhardt, C. (2017) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67431-5_13 · Cited by 52
Johnson, J. A., Keiser, H. N., Skarin, E. M., & Ross, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.891524 · Cited by 56
“…= average of responses to the ESM item “In the zone”; FQDRtot = total score from dichotomous response items of the Flow Questionnaire (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984); FQStot = summed scores from scales added to Flow Questionnaire items; DFS–2 = Dispositional Flow Scale–2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe downsides of digital labor: Exploring the toll incivility takes on online comment moderators
Riedl, M. J., Masullo, G. M., & Whipple, K. N. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106262 · Cited by 48
Lu, A., Deng, R., Huang, Y., Song, T., Shen, Y., Fan, Z., & ZHANG, J. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11036-1 · Cited by 66
“The Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) is one of the most promising measures for assessing Csikszentmihalyi’s (1990) construct of “autotelic personality”.”
BackgroundEnabling Positive Change: Flow and Complexity in Daily Experience
Inghilleri, P., Riva, G., & Riva, E. (2015) · doi:10.2478/9783110410242 · Cited by 57
Teamwork and flow proneness mitigate the negative effect of excess challenge on flow state
Tse, D. C. K., Fung, H. H.-L., Nakamura, J., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1257059 · Cited by 47
The Development and Validation of the Autotelic Personality Questionnaire
Tse, D. C. K., Lau, V. W.-Y., Perlman, R., & McLaughlin, M. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1491855 · Cited by 46
“Flow state when solving the anagrams was measured by the Flow State Scale–2 (FSS–2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodOn the Conceptualization and Measurement of Flow
Moneta, G. B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_2 · Cited by 50
Lee, M., Suh, D., Son, J., Kim, J., Eun, S.-D., & Yoon, B. (2016) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2014.07.0164 · Cited by 50
Flow and music performance anxiety: The influence of contextual and background variables
Cohen, S., & Bodner, E. (2019) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864919838600 · Cited by 59
“The DFS-2 (short) is a recognized tool for measuring dispositional flow, with good psychometric properties, and is recommended for measuring global flow when time constraints prevent the use of the long measure (Martin & Jackson, 2008).”
MethodInfluentialEffects of confidence and anxiety on flow state in competition
Koehn, S. (2012) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2012.746731 · Cited by 44
“The FSS-2 has been developed as a measure that allows athletes to reflect on their flow state during one event (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialApplying the Dimensions of Flow to Explore Visitor Engagement and Satisfaction
Filep, S. (2008) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645570801938491 · Cited by 45
“The FSS and DFS, respectively, assess flow experiences within a particular event and the dispositional tendency to experience flow in an activity (Jackson & Eklund, 2002, 2004; Jackson & Marsh, 1996).”
BackgroundPeifer, C., & Wolters, G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4_11 · Cited by 51
Yoga Enhances Positive Psychological States in Young Adult Musicians
Butzer, B., Ahmed, K., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2015) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-015-9321-x · Cited by 55
A meta-analysis of flow effects and the perception of time
Hancock, P. A., Kaplan, A. D., Cruit, J. K., Hancock, G. M., MacArthur, K. R., & Szalma, J. L. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.04.007 · Cited by 46
Baumann, N. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1_9 · Cited by 60
Systematically comparing methods used to study flow in sport: A longitudinal multiple-case study
Jackman, P. C., Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.06.009 · Cited by 40
The Flow Short Scale (FSS) Dimensionality and What MIMIC Shows on Heterogeneity and Invariance
Kyriazos, T. A., Stalikas, A., Prassa, K., Galanakis, M., Flora, K., & Chatzilia, V. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.96083 · Cited by 43
“More specifically, state flow (as opposed to dispositional flow; Jackson & Eklund, 2002, 2004; Moneta, 2012) was measured during a performed leisure-time task(see details on Procedure section).”
BackgroundMethodFlow states in exercise: A systematic review
Jackman, P. C., Hawkins, R. M., Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101546 · Cited by 41
Clutch performance in sport and exercise: a systematic review
Schweickle, M. J., Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., & Vella, S. A. (2020) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2020.1771747 · Cited by 41
The Potential Interaction Between Time Perception and Gaming: A Narrative Review
Nuyens, F., Kuss, D. J., López-Fernández, O., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00121-1 · Cited by 50
“The results of studies exploring the effect of flow experience on playing videogames have been inconsistent and could be due to the varying measures used in the different studies (e.g., Game Engagement Questionnaire, Brockmyer et al. 2009; the Flow State Scale-2, Jackson and Eklund 2002).”
ResultMinkler, T. O., Glass, C. R., & Hut, M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2020.1739169 · Cited by 39
“There were also significant positive and large correlations between increases in satisfaction with cognitive/emotional performance and change in flow (S DFS-2, r(29) ¼ 0.54, p ¼ .002; C DFS-2, r(29) ¼ 0.51, p ¼ .004).”
InfluentialOn the Role of Passion in Second Language Learning and Flourishing
Chen, X., Vallerand, R. J., & Padilla, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00339-0 · Cited by 43
The event-focused interview: what is it, why is it useful, and how is it used?
Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J., Goddard, S. G., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2021.1904442 · Cited by 39
“For example, the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2; Jackson and Eklund 2002) and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski and DeCarlo 1991) are multi-item measures designed to be completed soon after a physical activity to assess the level of flow and enjoyment in that activity, respectively.”
MethodJackman, P. C., Swann, C., & Crust, L. (2016) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.007 · Cited by 38
White, M. P., Pahl, S., Ashbullby, K. J., Burton, F. L., & Depledge, M. H. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120911929 · Cited by 39
“The idea that people can experience a sense of flow [24] during exercise is not new [25].”
BackgroundRiva, E., Riva, G., Talò, C., Boffi, M., Rainisio, N., Pola, L., Diana, B., Villani, D., Argenton, L., & Inghilleri, P. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182201 · Cited by 35
“To implement the quality of the instrument, Jackson and colleagues have also developed a second scale that, instead of assessing the experience of flow in the “here and now”, can assess the predisposition of athletes to find flow as a stable characteristic or trait of their personality, the Dispositional Flow Scale PL…”
InfluentialChildhood Adversity and the Creative Experience in Adult Professional Performing Artists
Thomson, P., & Jaque, S. V. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00111 · Cited by 39
“The nine flow dimensions, each with four items, contribute unequally to the global flow score (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFlow revisited: process conceptualization and a novel application to service contexts
Drengner, J., Jähn, S., & Furchheim, P. (2018) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-12-2016-0318 · Cited by 37
Increased absorption in autonomous sensory meridian response
McErlean, A. B. J., & Osborne-Ford, E. J. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.8588 · Cited by 43
Flow in youth sport, physical activity, and physical education: A systematic review
Jackman, P. C., Dargue-Fox, E. J., Johnston, J., & Hawkins, R. M. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101852 · Cited by 51
Cermakova, L., Moneta, G. B., & Spada, M. M. (2010) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443411003777697 · Cited by 37
“…over one’s actions, merging of action and awareness, clear proximal goals, unambiguous feedback, loss of self-consciousness, loss of timeawareness or time acceleration and autotelic experience (i.e. intrinsically motivated and rewarding in itself) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSchunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203106525.ch8 · Cited by 35
Gaudreau, P., Amiot, C. E., & Vallerand, R. J. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014134 · Cited by 46
“Consistent with the positive psychology movement, a more recent line of research has examined positive states such as vitality (Reinboth, Duda, & Ntoumanis, 2004), flow (Jackson & Eklund, 2002), and sport satisfaction (Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998).”
BackgroundGrotewiel, M. M., Crenshaw, M. E., Dorsey, A., & Street, E. M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02539-0 · Cited by 35
“The time transformation subscale has proved unwieldy for other researchers; during the scale development of the DFS-2, Jackson and Eklund (2002) reported that the time transformation subscale had a weak factor loading on a global flow score.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHow is Flow Experienced and by Whom? Testing Flow among Occupations
Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Sánchez, A. M. R. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2436 · Cited by 35
Bricteux, C., Navarro, J., Ceja, L., & Fürst, G. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9755-8 · Cited by 39
Motivación autodeterminada y flujo disposicional en el deporte
Murcia, J. A. M., Gimeno, E. M. C., & González‐Cutre, D. (2006) · Digitum: Institutional Repository of the University of Murcia (University of Murcia) · Cited by 35
Exertion–Attention–Flow Linkage Under Different Workloads
Connolly, C. T., & Tenenbaum, G. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00613.x · Cited by 35
The Effects of Individualized Imagery Interventions on Golf Performance and Flow States
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., & Holt, N. L. (2005) · Cited by 34
Guo, Y. M., Klein, B. D., & Ro, Y. K. (2019) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1593348 · Cited by 42
Demir, Ö., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633120949787 · Cited by 34
“The Turkish version of the Flow Scale, the original form of which was developed by Jackson and Eklund in 2002, was prepared by As¸c¸ı et al. (2007) by conducting research with adult participants.”
MethodSustained attention and the experience of flow
Marty-Dugas, J., Howes, L. L., & Smilek, D. (2020) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01433-x · Cited by 35
Comparing sport motivation scales: A response to Pelletier et al.
Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K. P., Hargreaves, E. A., & Ng, J. Y. Y. (2014) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.006 · Cited by 42
“Also, both of the instruments we chose to measure these constructs had a great deal of supportive evidence in sport-based studies (e.g., Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Raedeke & Smith, 2001).”
Lee, H., Gipson, C. M., & Barnhill, C. (2017) · Sport Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106169341702600204 · Cited by 34
“Other standarized scales have been developed in hopes to obtain a more complete understanding of flow than what is offered from the flow questionnaire and experience sampling method (Jackson & Eklund, 2002; Moneta, 2012) .”
Cai, X., Cebollada, J., & Cortiñas, M. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102746 · Cited by 38
Intrinsische Motivation und Flow-Erleben
Rheinberg, F., & Engeser, S. (2018) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53927-9_14 · Cited by 33
Matos, N., Duarte, P., & de Sá, E. S. (2023) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667231157012 · Cited by 37
“Later, Jackson and Marsh ’ s (1996) proposed an operational scale that became one of most known and developed to date, followed by two other (long) scales to measure Flow: dispositional Flow scale 2 (DFS-2) and Flow state scale (FSS-2) (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Jackson et al., 2008).”
BackgroundNorsworthy, C., Dimmock, J. A., Miller, D. J., Krause, A. E., & Jackson, B. (2023) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-023-00092-8 · Cited by 42
“The widely used FSS-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) assessment, for example, assesses all nine-dimensions to flow; not only does this assessment include the antecedents of optimal challenge (and subdimensions: clear goals and unambiguous feedback), it also does not directly assess effort-less control…”
MethodInfluentialChapman, J. R., Kohler, T. B., Rich, P. J., & Trego, A. (2023) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2023.2242981 · Cited by 38
“The Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) (Jackson et al., 2008; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) measures nine dimensions of flow, which together describe the entire flow experience but separately constitute its individual elements.”
Flow Experience as a Quality Measure in Evaluating Physically Activating Collaborative Serious Games
Kiili, K. J. M., Perttula, A., Lindstedt, A., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Serious Games · doi:10.17083/ijsg.v1i3.23 · Cited by 32
“The items included were derived from the GameFlow [36] and FSS-2 questionnaires [37].”
MethodChen, M. A., & Meggs, J. (2020) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2021.163.04 · Cited by 32
“The outcome variables were global dispositional flow (DSS-2), global state flow (FSS-2), trait mindfulness (MAASA), and state mindfulness (TMS).”
BackgroundInfluentialCorrelates of Dispositional and State Flow in Tennis Competition
Koehn, S., Morris, T., & Watt, A. P. (2012) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2012.737403 · Cited by 32
“The subscales showed acceptable Cronbach’s alpha values, ranging between .81 and .90 (Jackson & Eklund, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLe concept de « flow » ou « état psychologique optimal » : état de la question appliquée au sport
Demontrond-Behr, P., & Gaudreau, P. (2008) · Staps · doi:10.3917/sta.079.0009 · Cited by 32
Creative Flow and Physiologic States in Dancers During Performance
Jaque, S. V., Thomson, P., Zaragoza, J., Werner, F., Podeszwa, J., & Jacobs, K. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01000 · Cited by 40
Natural landscape performance: environmental restorativeness and its influence on tourist behavior
Chen, X., Lee, G., & Joo, D. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2636 · Cited by 31
Flow in VR: A Study on the Relationships Between Preconditions, Experience and Continued Use
Hassan, L., Jylhä, H., Sjöblom, M., & Hamari, J. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.149 · Cited by 31
“[28], containing 36 items measuring individuals’ tendency to experience flow in terms of the nine flow constructs identified by Csikszentmihalyi [13] as previously defined and discussed in the background section of this manuscript.”
BackgroundAn Investigation on the Effects of Flow State on Team Process and Outcomes
Heyne, K., Pavlas, D., & Salas, E. (2011) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181311551098 · Cited by 30
“The measure of flow we used was the FSS-2 (Flow State Scale 2) developed by Jackson and Eklund (2002).”
MethodCreative therapy in health and disease: Inner vision
Khalil, R., & Demarin, V. (2023) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14266 · Cited by 31
“133 The hypothesis of transient hypofrontality of flow is among the most prominent theoretical frameworks to explain flow experience, emphasizing the critical role of implicit and unconscious information processing and neural systems in facilitating the experience of flow, which is believed to…”
BackgroundDancing to “groovy” music enhances the experience of flow
Bernardi, N. F., Bellemare‐Pepin, A., & Peretz, I. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13644 · Cited by 28
Flow and outdoor adventure recreation: Using flow measures to re-examine motives for participation
Jackson, S., Eklund, R. C., Gordon, A., et al. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102427 · Cited by 28
Self-citationExploring the dimensions of flow and the role of music in professional ballet dancers
Panebianco, C. (2014) · Muziki · doi:10.1080/18125980.2014.966480 · Cited by 32
Do people play MMORPGs for extrinsic or intrinsic rewards?
Dindar, M. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.001 · Cited by 28
The brain in flow: a systematic review on the neural basis of the flow statePreprint
Alameda, C., Sanabria, D., & Ciria, L. F. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3zh9y · Cited by 28
Hooker, R. E., Wasko, M. M., Paradice, D., Teigland, R., & Hofacker, C. F. (2019) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-11-2017-0407 · Cited by 26
Conceptualizing group flow: A framework
Jana, D., & Richard, E. W. (2018) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2017.3313 · Cited by 27
“In addition, advances have been made through improvements in the measurement of flow (Jackson and Eklund, 2002; Moneta, 2012b).”
BackgroundDevelopments and Trends in Flow Research Over 40 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis
Zhang, Y., & Wang, F. (2024) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.92948 · Cited by 37
Zoning-in or tuning-in? Identifying distinct absorption states in response to music.
Vroegh, T. (2019) · Psychomusicology Music Mind and Brain · doi:10.1037/pmu0000241 · Cited by 31
Bittencourt, I. I., Freires, L. A., Lu, Y., Challco, G. C., Fernandes, S. C. S., Coelho, J. A. P. D. M., da Costa, J. C. A., Pian, Y., Marinho, A., & Isotani, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253044 · Cited by 30
“Jackson, Martin and Eklund (2008) [8] also developed and validated an alternative BrazilianPortuguese short version of the DFS-2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-150
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W2157505989
- Cited by
- 800
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Keywords
- flow experience, physical activity, self-report measures, scale development, factor structure, reliability statistics, dispositional flow
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